چکیده:
ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ، ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺷﺮﻉ، ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ، ﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ. ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ، ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ;ﺣﻖ ﺍﷲ; ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﻡ، ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ، ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺪﻱ، ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ.
According to the free will principle، man is responsible for his actions and will be punished accordingly. Therefore، acting against the law of shari’a in Islam leads to punishment and in Islamic jurisprudence there are prefixed punishments for many crimes called “hadd”. But there are some elements like repentance that extinguish “hadd”، so that the criminal will be forgiven and excused. Concentrating in verses of Quran and ahadith and also comments of jurists، it turns that the repentance is a reason of extinguishment of punishments، in order that muslim jurists approve that repentance، before demonstrating the crime by confess or testimony، when the crime is of that kind that breaches God’s right، leads to extinguishment of punishment. Here، we study the repentance and its role in extinguishment of hudud.
خلاصه ماشینی:
" ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺷﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﻜﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ، ﺣﻜﻤﺶ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺳﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺣﺮﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ، ﺑﻲﺗﺎ، ﺹ833(، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺯﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻧﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺷﺪ.
ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻗﺘﺶ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ، ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ: ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ7 ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩ: ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺟﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﺎﺋﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﻗﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻗﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺶ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻭﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺣﺮﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ، ﺑﻲﺗﺎ، ﺹ035(."