خلاصة:
The general argument of this article covers two fundamental issues regarding nationalism as an identity claim. First, it attempts to reject the notion of nationalism as a product of modernism and enlightenment by distinguishing between two types of nationalism, classical and modern, and to extend the national feeling or patriotism throughout the history of mankind. On the other hand, it does not accept the claim that nationalism is an ideology and considers it as part of the value system of societies, as a theory of 'thought and action', whose final manifestation depends on the arrangement of propositions of each value system. This arrangement of nationalism along with other values has made this theory a tool for world conquest and world wars, and leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler are considered its representatives, while leaders such as Mandela, Sukarno and Mosaddegh have become harbingers of liberation and independence with this thought. This article seeks to show that despite the process of globalization, not only has the credibility of nationalism and nation-states been lost, but abundant evidence indicates their permanent validity. With this in mind, we have tried to trace the type of look at nationalism and the nation-state in part of the social and philosophical theory of the 19th and 20th centuries.
ملخص الجهاز:
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the French Revolution are considered the birthplace of modern nation-states on the shoulders of pre-modern nations, and to Indeed, nationalism has been the most important human identity-building thought and a major obstacle to extremist and global ideologies over the past four centuries, and has forced the authenticity of these ideologies to moderate and react.
Renan considered race insufficient to form a nation and stated that a pure and unified race is essentially a mythical and rare concept, and on the other hand, studying race and its evolution in history is important and has no place in politics.
662) Eric Hobsbawm, one of the great contemporary historians who adopts a Marxist approach in analyzing world history and is attached to the theory of “the gradual decline of the state,” considered the years 1918-1950 as the peak years of nationalism and believes that World War I was the final point of victory for the idea of nationalism.
Most nationalist views in this approach have emerged from the combination of two basic principles of nationalism: one is the political nature of nationalism as an ideology that defends the homogeneity of state and nation, and the other is the capacity of nationalism to provide identity to individuals who are aware of the formation of their affiliated group based on culture, past, and a common plan for the future, and attachment to a specific territory.
(
, 
, 
)
