خلاصة:
Russia, in the post-Soviet era, was more influenced by increasing regional and international developments than at any other time in its history. These developments, with a set of new threats and opportunities, confronted the country in the foreign arena with the necessity of redefining its position, role, and goals. Lack of realism regarding developments in the external sphere during the Yeltsin era provided conditions for weakness in perceiving environmental trends, inability to scenario planning, and disorganized and passive decision-making, and Russia's foreign policy faced conceptual and institutional crises. This situation changed noticeably with Putin's coming to power. A transformation occurred in Russia's foreign policy from idealism to realism, from instability to relative stability, and from irrational approaches to relatively rational ones. From the perspective of this writing, among numerous factors, the adoption of a pragmatic approach by Putin has had the greatest share in bringing about this positive transformation.
ملخص الجهاز:
They, emphasizing the different cultural and geopolitical identity of Russia, believed that Moscow's foreign policy strategy should not be based on the ideal of becoming part of the Western world, but should be based on the principle of turning it into an independent pole of power in a multipolar system )851:6002 voknagysT(.
Pursuing an aggressive approach in the energy sector and emphasizing becoming an “energy superpower”, a new Middle Eastern policy, pursuing extensive military modernization programs and widespread arms sales, firmly rejecting the deployment of part of the American missile shield in the Czech Republic and Poland and, as a result, suspending the Conventional Armed Forces Treaty in Europe, deploying a new anti-missile defense system in St. Petersburg, the unexpected announcement of redirecting nuclear missiles towards Europe, resuming the program of long-range nuclear aircraft patrols, and holding a military parade in Red Square, Moscow (for the first time after the collapse of the Soviet Union in March 2008) were among the prominent topics of this period and signs of Russia's efforts to announce the upgrading of its position in the arrangements of the international system and prove the impossibility of ignoring its interests and considerations.
Putin put the idea of multilateralism in a new framework, especially after the start of the Iraq War and considering the new developments in the international arena, including America’s insistence on consolidating the unipolar system, the second wave of NATO expansion to the east, the decline of the role of the United Nations, and due to the lack of attention of Western powers to Moscow’s considerations.
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