خلاصة:
In the historical memory of the people and in the research of historians, there is a prevailing belief that the creation of a centralized and authoritarian government in Iran was the work of Reza Shah, and that it began with his actions following the 1299 coup. The main issue of this research, which is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on newspapers and documents from that period, is to challenge this belief and provide evidence showing that such a project was initiated for the first time under the Vossug-ad-Dawleh government, with the cooperation of the British. One of the first signs of the implementation of these actions was seen under the governance of Sharif-al-Dawlah, the ruler of Kurdistan province from 1297-1300. The central question of this research is: What actions did Sharif-al-Dawlah undertake at both the state and local levels that Reza Shah later repeated, expanded, and implemented on a national scale? The findings suggest that actions such as the establishment of military rule, the creation of modern administrative institutions, the curtailment of centrifugal forces, the suppression and killing of nomads, and the establishment and expansion of schools teaching Persian—actions aimed at creating a centralized government—were implemented before Reza Shah, specifically in Kurdistan. Reza Khan, who was the commander of a small group of Kazakhs in Kurdistan at the beginning of Sharif-al-Dawlah's rule, was closely familiar with these initiatives.
ملخص الجهاز:
The research findings show that matters such as establishing military rule, creating modern administrative institutions, ending the power and influence of centralist-opposing forces, suppressing tribes and seizing their property, establishing schools, and expanding public education in the Persian language—which are prerequisites for creating a centralized state—had been implemented in Kurdistan as a case study before Reza Shah, and Reza Khan, who was the commander of a small group of Cossacks in Kurdistan at the beginning of Sharif al-Dawla's rule, was closely involved in these actions.
The establishment of military rule, the formation of military courts, torture, imprisonment, and the illegal execution of opponents, the dissolution of political parties and organizations, the terror and exile of their leaders, the suppression of anti-centralist tribes and their subjugation, the creation of new administrative institutions, the establishment of state schools, and the expansion of public education in the Persian language—all of which Sharif al-Dawla implemented in Kurdistan—were the same measures that Reza Shah later repeated and expanded and deepened at the national and countrywide levels.
This research considers the disillusionment with the Constitutional government and the consequences of World War I, especially the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires and the occurrence of the communist revolution, as the factors for the inclination of Constitutionalists toward a centralized and powerful state at the end of the war and British support for it, and views Sharif al-Dawla's actions in Kurdistan as the first national project to create such a state, which continued later in the Pahlavi state.
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