خلاصة:
This article examines how identity is formed and its existential nature among conventional and radical constructivists. Conventional constructivism is accused of essentialism and accepting a priori identity for agents by radical constructivists due to its emphasis on structuralism theory and some assumptions of scientific realism. In addition, the lack of attention to the discourse-based nature of the relationship and ignoring the role of power in it, the modernist dualism of self/other, the assumption of the existence of two rational actors in the "first encounter" - who know "the self" before interacting with "the other" - the assumption of a unified meaning of "sign", the assumption of the ability to draw a causal relationship between a specific action and a specific meaning, and a fixed understanding of identity as a variable in causal explanation are other criticisms of radical constructivists who, in contrast, emphasize the fluidity and discourse-based nature of identity, attention to interpretation over explanation, no semantic distinction between self/other, criticism of "phonocentrism" or the centrality of voice to express the impossibility of integrity and semantic clarity of gesture, and the importance of power and also subject-position in reactive discourses.
ملخص الجهاز:
Furthermore, the lack of attention to the discourse-based nature of the relationship and ignoring the role of power in it, the modernist dualism of self/other, the assumption of two rational actors in the “first encounter” – where the “self” knows the “other” before interaction – the assumption of a unified meaning of the “sign,” the assumption of the ability to draw a causal relationship between a specific action and a specific meaning, and a fixed understanding of identity as a variable in causal explanation are other criticisms made by radical constructivists.
In response, they emphasize the fluidity and discourse-based nature of identity, attention to interpretation over explanation, the lack of semantic distinction between self/other, criticism of “phonocentrism” or the centrality of voice to express the impossibility of integrity and clarity of meaning, the importance of power, and subject-position in reactive discourses.
A point that should be mentioned at the beginning is that the authors, following Roxana Doty ( 7991,ytoD ), have considered Alexander Wendt as the standard case study of conventional constructivism because he presented his views more systematically than his conventional peers with the publication of the book “Social Theory of International Politics.
Anthony Giddens, with the introduction of the concept of “reflexivity,” considers individual identity to be a reflective image of self-understandings in relation to the “other,” which is created daily and continuously due to an intersubjective nature of social life (Giddens, 1378, p.
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