خلاصة:
Chalmers, in this article focusing on the hard problem of consciousness, attempts to show why explaining this issue is so difficult. He criticizes recent works that employ reductive methods to address consciousness within the framework of neuroscience and cognitive sciences. In the next stage, he claims that these methods are inevitably destined to fail in solving the hard problem. In his view, to achieve a solution to this problem, we must move towards a type of non-reductive explanation of consciousness, thereby obtaining a naturalistic theory. Finally, he presents his proposed theory: a non-reductive theory based on three psychological principles: structural coherence, organizational stability, and the dual-aspect nature of information.
ملخص الجهاز:
Keywords Consciousness, reductive methods, mental qualities, non-reductive explanation, naturalistic theory, structural coherence, organizational stability, dual-aspectness.
I introduce my choice for such an account: a non-reductive theory based on the principles of structural coherence1, organizational stability2, and a dual-aspect3 view of information.
" The easy problems of consciousness are those that seem to yield directly to the conventional methods of cognitive science, through which a phenomenon is explained based on neural or computational mechanisms.
The easy problems of consciousness consist of explaining these phenomena: * The ability to recognize, classify, and respond to environmental stimuli; * The integration of information by a cognitive system; * The reportability of mental states; * The ability of a system to access its own internal states; * The focusing of attention; * The intentional control of behavior; * The difference between sleep and wakefulness.
To explain a cognitive function, it is only necessary to specify the mechanism that can execute the function; cognitive science methods are suitable for this type of explanation and therefore are suitable for the easy problems of consciousness.
There is a complex theory regarding how these properties relate to one another and the fundamental laws that are established for them, and these basic principles are used at a higher level to explain many known phenomena, including matter, space, and time.
In conventional cases, wherever we find consciousness, we also find access, and wherever conscious experience exists, there are corresponding information in the cognitive system that are available for behavior control and for linguistic reporting.
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