خلاصة:
The famous European philosopher of the new era, Spinoza, has quite elaborately spoke of God in his most important book, i.e. “Ethics”. He believes God is an essence who has infinite attributes and the nature is a mode of His infinite attributes. Therefore, according to Spinoza, essence, attribute and mode are the three main elements of reality. The most important issue in the philosophy of Spinoza is his idea on whether God transcended nature or not. In other words, is nature – which is a sum of the system of God’s modes – the same as God or not; is God – in addition to His manifestation in modes – a reality which is transcendental over them all {or not}? In the third words, does Spinoza believe in “pantheism” according to which God is the sum of nature and everything is a part of it, or he believes God has an existence that transcends the nature? Relying on the text of Spinoza’s speech, this article shows that his pantheism is rejected; it is also proved that his argument on God’s existence is the same as the Anselm existential argument; rather it is the Seddiqin argument according to which God is mere existence and therefore has a necessary existence.
ملخص الجهاز:
The Identity of Essence and Existence In Spinoza's view, from the fact that it is impossible for a substance to be an effect of another substance, it follows that substance is its own cause, and this means that the nature of substance is existence itself, or in his own words, "existence is related to the nature of substance" (ibid.
He considers substance to be self-subsistent (in existence and in conception) according to definition; likewise, based on the definition of substance, he considers God to be absolutely infinite, and he proves the unity of substance based on its infinity: but since it ultimately reaches the point that the nature of substance is existence itself, and in clearer terms, substance or God is pure existence, it can be said that he essentially wanted to prove the existence of God by considering Him as pure existence, and also His unity and infinity, although this matter is not very clear in his words and it appears that his ontological argument is the same as Anselm's argument, which infers His existence from the mere definition of God, and therefore the criticisms leveled against Anselm are also applicable to Spinoza.
In any case, the exact wording of Spinoza in proposition fourteen is: "It is impossible that there should exist or be conceived of any substance other than God" (ibid.
Conclusion Spinoza considers reality or the real world, which every metaphysical philosopher seeks to know, to be composed of a single substance consisting of infinite attributes that manifest themselves in modes.
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