خلاصة:
After the reign of Yaqub and Amr ibn Layth (247–287 AH), the region of Sistan became a center of growing religious fanaticism, particularly between the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools, which were sometimes referred to as Samaki and Sadaqi. These sectarian tensions were deeply rooted in the ethnic and tribal identities of Muslim Arabs who had migrated to Sistan. Although Yaqub and his brother Amr ibn Layth managed to curb such divisions to a large extent, after the capture of Amr Layth, these conflicts intensified under his successors, eventually becoming a dominant political and social phenomenon until the fall of the Saffarid dynasty. Accordingly, this study-conducted using a historical method and a descriptive–analytical approach based on library sources-aims to investigate the religious prejudices between the Hanafi (Samaki) and Shafi'i (Sadaqi) groups, and to analyze their political, social, and economic effects in Sistan during the Saffarid period. Political instability, weak and ineffective governance, power rivalries, social inequalities, the influence of scholars and religious leaders in spreading sectarianism among the masses, and the general ignorance prevailing in society are identified as the main political and social causes behind the rise of sectarian prejudice and conflict between these two sects. These factors led to the weakening of political authority, the intensification of insecurity and chaos, increased foreign incursions, and ultimately the downfall of the Saffarid government. Furthermore, they contributed to growing hostility among the populace, the disintegration of social unity, the escalation of violence and bloodshed, the destruction of economic infrastructure, and the widespread poverty and misery of the people of Sistan.Sistan,The Saffarid dynasty Religious fanaticism, Hanafi (Samaki),Shafi'i (Sadaqi),Yaqub Layth,Amr Layth.
ملخص الجهاز:
Political instability, the weakness and inefficiency of rulers, social inequalities, the role of scholars and religious leaders in spreading religious differences among the common people, and the ignorance and lack of knowledge prevailing in the social atmosphere are considered among the most important political and social causes of the fanaticism and conflicts of these two religious sects in Sistan, which led to the weakening of political power, increased insecurity and chaos, expansion of foreign attacks, the fall of the Saffarid government, the spread of enmity and hostility among the general public, the loss of social unity and cohesion, intensification of war and bloodshed, destruction of economic infrastructure, and finally, the spread of poverty and misery among the people of Sistan.
Citation: Sanchooli, Dust Ali and Salah, Mehdi (2025) Causes and consequences of Hanafi (Samaki) and Shafi'i (Sidqi) religious fanaticism in Sistan during the Saffarid era, from the captivity of Amr ibn al-Layth to the fall of the Saffarids (287-393 AH), Historical Research of Iran and Islam, Spring and Summer, Volume 19, Number 36, pp.
Regarding the objective and necessity of conducting this research, it must be said that recognizing and becoming aware of the causes of the emergence and expansion of religious fanaticism and the resulting conflicts in Islamic societies, especially in Sistan during the Saffarid era between the Samaki and Sidqi sects, and analyzing its destructive effects and results, is of fundamental importance.
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