خلاصة:
Sufi sects such as Chishtiyya, Suhravardiyya, Kazeroniyya and Kobraviyya, which gathered many followers and established their monasteries in many parts of Iran and India in the 7th-9th centuries AH. They are considered the most important known Sufism movements in the India and Iran. The khanqahs of the mentioned tariqas were the living places of their dignitaries, Chiefs and elders and many disciples were always with them. People, also, visited these Khanqahs daily to resolve their spiritual and material needs. The spiritual life of Sufis (from top to bottom) has had two dimensions, spiritual and material. Contrary to popular belief, Sufi life was not based on absolute asceticism and Sufis had to financed their daily material needs. By a descriptive- analytical method, this Study seek to answer this question how the financial expenses of the Sufi Khanqahs of the mentioned tariqas in the subcontinent of India and Iran were financed. It seems that the major part of the expenses of the Khanqahs of the Sufi orders of Chishtiyya, Suhravardiyya, Kazeroniyya and Kobraviyya were provided by means of goods and cash donations received from the sultans of the subcontinent of India and Iran, daily gifts (=Fotuh) from the common people (both rich and poor), and large payments from merchants. In this sense, there have been many commonalities between these Tariqas.
ملخص الجهاز:
2445 Received Date: 2023/06/23 Revision Date: 2023/10/25 Acceptance Date: 2023/11/20 Publication Date: 2024/03/30 Sufi strategies for securing the material expenses of khanaqahs in the common Chishti, Suhrawardi, Kazeruni, and Kubrawi orders of Iran and India from the seventh to ninth lunar centuries (the role of sultans and the general public in securing expenses) 4 Masoumeh Hadi 1| Mohsen Rahmati 2| Jahanbakhsh Savagheb 3| Mojtaba Garavand Abstract The Chishti, Suhrawardi, Kazeruni, and Kubrawi orders are considered the most important currents of Sufism in the Indian subcontinent and Iran during the seventh to ninth lunar centuries, which established khanaqahs in many parts of Iran and India and gained many followers.
Findings indicate that the bulk of the expenses of the khanaqahs of the Chishti, Suhrawardi, Kazeruni, and Kubrawi Sufi orders was secured through commodity and cash assistance received from the sultans of the Indian subcontinent and Iran, the daily futuhat (offerings) of the general public, and large payments from merchants, and in this regard, there were many similarities among these orders.
The Sufi literature of the Suhrawardiya order in Iran is mostly under the influence of the presence of this order during its founder's time in Baghdad, and the anecdotes that have been told are mostly around his personality or the khanaqahs associated with them in Baghdad, and despite their presence in court circles, regarding 184 Iran after Islam Historical Journal, Year 15, Number 38, Spring 2024 their receipts from the sultans of Iran and India, data on which is not very available.
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