خلاصة:
There is an argument for God’s existence from consciousness. The argument was initially formulated by Swinburne in contemporary Western philosophy. He claims that no one has preceded him in formulating the argument, except John Locke who had a vague reference to it. The argument considers the existence of mental phenomena, such as feelings, emotions, intentions, and thoughts—which are scientifically unexplainable and merely admit of subjective explanations—as evidence for God’s existence. Swinburne provides an inductive versions of the argument, which confirms and reinforces the probability of God’s existence. A survey of arguments for God’s existence in Islamic philosophical tradition reveals that Mullā Ṣadra was the first philosopher who argued for God’s existence from rational consciousness. His argument is syllogistic and certainty-conferring. This paper deploys a descriptive-analytic method to consider the two versions of the argument from consciousness for God’s existence in Western and Islamic philosophical traditions, comparing their agreements, distinctions, weaknesses, and strengths.
ملخص الجهاز:
Among the various articulations of the argument from the soul, in Mulla Sadra's articulation, the existence of God is proven by relying on intellectuality (ta'aqqul); that is, in this argument, it is not argued from absolute mental phenomena or absolute consciousness, but rather from a specific consciousness, namely the intellectual consciousness of humans, regarding the existence of God. Just as mental phenomena are scientifically questionable and inexplicable for contemporary Western humans, and materialists have been unable to provide a convincing explanation for them and hope that future scientific progress will solve this mystery, while believers in the soul (substantial dualists regarding the truth of the human being) seek a way to theism through it, in the tradition of Islamic philosophy, that characteristic of humans which, along with the body and characteristics physical is considered inexplicable, it is his intellectual perception.
Therefore, it must be said that in the Islamic philosophical tradition as well, arguments have been made through awareness regarding the existence of God, and His existence has been concluded; thus, Swinburne's claim is not correct that only John Locke had vaguely referred to this argument before him and that he himself presented its complete formulation for the first time; because, as was observed, in the Islamic philosophical tradition, philosophers such as Mulla Sadra and Sabzawari have also proven the existence of God through this method.
Conclusion By examining Swinburne's argument from awareness and comparing it with an argument from Mulla Sadra on proving the existence of God based on intellectual perception, the following points are obtained: 1.
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