خلاصة:
The Companions benefited from the Prophet's narrations, reasons for revelation (asbab al-nuzul), vocabulary, and Arab customs and traditions in interpreting verses, and their greatest focus was on traditional (naqli) interpretation. The Tabi'un, in addition to traditional interpretation, also drew from the sayings of the Companions. During the era of the Tabi'un, disagreements regarding the Quran, interpretation, and interpretive methods intensified. The Mu'tazilites utilized two methods in interpreting verses: interpreting the Quran by the Quran and interpretation through transmitted reports (ma'thur). In interpreting the Quran by the Quran, they utilized clear evidence (bayyinat) to interpret ambiguous passages (mujmalat), specific (khass) to interpret general (amm), the restricted (muqayyad) to understand the absolute (mutlaq), and so on. In interpretation through transmitted reports, they relied on the Prophet's narrations and, to some extent, the narrations of the Infallibles (Ma'sumin) and the sayings of the Companions and the Tabi'un. In the view of the Mu'tazila, reason holds a very high value in understanding verses, and other evidences must also be understood and interpreted in the light of reason. As among the first authors of scientific exegesis, the Mu'tazilites would first subject every interpretive narration and the word of a Companion to certain criteria and standards, and after compatibility with these standards, they would benefit from them in interpreting verses. Their interpretations were a powerful response to the objections and criticisms of the disbelievers toward the Quran and Islam. The most significant shortcomings of Mu'tazilite interpretation were the intense, unlimited, and unregulated attention to reason, the lack of attention to the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt, and the introduction of topics and issues that were irrelevant or minimally related to interpretation.
ملخص الجهاز:
With the end of the era of the Companions and the emergence of sects, especially the Mu'tazilite sect, tensions and differences regarding the Quran, its interpretation, methods, and sources escalated, and every sect and group expressed theories and points regarding the Quran and interpretation based on their own beliefs and thoughts, which were not accepted from the perspective of other sects.
In this verse, the word (kalimat) is Mujmal (ambiguous), and it is not clear what words Adam (as) learned from God. Zamakhshari, the great Mu'tazilite commentator, utilizes this noble verse to interpret this verse and clarify (kalimat): (ربّنا ظلمنا أنفسنا و ان لم تغفرلنا و ترحمنا لنکوننّ من الخاسرین) اعراف/ 23 They said: Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy upon us, we will surely be among the losers.
Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu'tazili writes: (Although the ambiguous verses do not directly indicate the intention of the Lawgiver, through the help of the decisive verses of the Quran, it is possible to arrive at their interpretation.
Example: Zamakhshari, the Mu'tazilite commentator, benefits from the occasion of revelation in interpreting the verse: (یاایّهاالذین آمنوا لاتقولوا راعنا) and writes: (When the Prophet was introducing Muslims to a scientific matter, they would say: (Ra'ina), meaning 'O Prophet, give us opportunity and time to understand that scientific matter.
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