خلاصة:
The aim of the present research was to examine the theoretical aspects of the challenges created after the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 AD and to typologize the various types of thoughts proposed regarding the Islamic Caliphate in three frameworks: 'traditionalist', 'modernist', and 'reformist'. In this regard, the political thoughts of the most prominent representatives of each of the three spectrums, namely: Rashid Rida, Hassan al-Banna, and Ali Abdel Raziq, regarding politics and the caliphate were examined. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and information was collected using the library method. The results showed that Muslim thinkers do not have a single view regarding the issue of the 'caliphate'. The common point among the views of most thinkers is that the caliphate in the Islamic world has been a form of government for the protection of Sharia laws. Traditionalists and modernists believe that human problems can be solved by returning to sacred texts; however, Ali Abdel Raziq believes in the capability of human reason to understand the world and manage individual and collective life affairs. In this regard, there is a shared opinion between him and modernists such as Hassan al-Banna. Reformists are more inclined toward the separation of state from religion and the theory of secularism. The consensus on the idea of the necessity of religious intervention in politics has guided the two schools of traditionalism and modernism toward the necessity of reviving the caliphate. The two intellectual trends, traditional and modernist, consider unity among Muslims to be a necessary condition for the caliphate.
ملخص الجهاز:
Typology of Contemporary Islamic Intellectual Caliphate: A Comparative Study of the Views of Rashid Rida, Hassan al-Banna, and Ali Abdel Raziq Date Received: 2018/04/25 Date Approved: 2018/11/01 Mostafa Pirmoradian * Asghar Montazer al-Qa'im ** Hassan Abdipoor *** The aim of the present research was to examine the theoretical aspects of the challenges created after the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 AD and to typologize the various thoughts presented regarding the Islamic Caliphate in three frameworks: "traditionalist," "modernist," and "modernizer.
Caliphate, Muslim thinkers, traditionalist, modernist, modernizer, Ottoman Caliphate, Rashid Rida, Hassan al-Banna, Ali Abdel Raziq * Professor of the Department of History, University of Isfahan (Corresponding Author) (mostafapirmoradian@yahoo.
Although, superficially, the disappearance of the Ottoman Caliphate did not have serious consequences for the Islamic world, it confronted Sunni Muslims with serious challenges regarding governance and the political system; because some believe that establishing the caliphate system, according to Sunni Sharia, is a common and universal duty (Al-Misri, 1994).
Human rights and public freedoms, government, state and political jurisprudence, ijtihad in jurisprudence, modernism in culture, and the idea of creating a contemporary Islamic civilization are among the most important issues and challenges of this school of thought (Zaki, 1385).
The Ikhwan movement was established a short time after the publication of the book "Al-Islam wa Usul al-Hukm" by Ali Abdel Raziq, and the expression of the theory of the separation of politics from religion and the rejection of any connection between the Caliphate system and Islam.
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