خلاصة:
AbstractThis research examines Al-Farabi's theory of government in light of the concept of "civil science." Al-Farabi considers civil science to be a knowledge that is responsible for explaining the principles, goals, and regulations of human society, with the ultimate aim being the attainment of true happiness. In this framework, the government has an instrumental role that guides society from theoretical principles to practical goals. Al-Farabi's methodology in civil science is based on the "arc of ascent," emphasizing the voluntary and conscious actions of humans, and is realized through social cooperation. From his perspective, the realization of the virtuous city requires two fundamental pillars: cooperation and leadership; its continuity depends on the establishment of a virtuous government. Al-Farabi, emphasizing the connection between reason and revelation, sees the government as responsible for four main areas: guidance and protection of public values, execution, legislation, and judgment. He regards the legitimacy of the ruler as a divine matter, contingent upon popular acceptance, and based on this, considers only the ruler who possesses all theoretical, intellectual, moral, and practical virtues as worthy of absolute power. The results of the research indicate that Al-Farabi's theory of government is not only based on the foundations of Islamic philosophy and Greek heritage but also provides a coherent model for understanding the relationship between ethics, politics, and religion in the Islamic political system, with a focus on happiness and social cooperation.
ملخص الجهاز:
" Al-Farabi considers civil science to be the knowledge responsible for explaining the principles, goals, and systems of human society, with the ultimate aim of achieving true happiness.
In addition to this, in civil science, after discussing and examining civility, the city, the ruler, and the people, and explaining the concepts of cooperation and happiness within the scope of this science, Al-Farabi also briefly discusses the duties and matters that the state is responsible for performing (Mohajernia, 2020: 188-190).
It is in the latter writing that Al-Farabi considers civil science to be responsible for preparing the preliminaries of knowledge regarding types of voluntary actions, dispositions (malakat), ethics, behavioral nature, and fundamental habits, and he addresses the explanation of worthy dispositions, how to prepare the preliminaries for the realization of these dispositions, and their impact on achieving true happiness (Al-Farabi, 2002: 69).
In political science, he theorizes regarding the correct method of transitioning the city and its inhabitants from principles to goals, and he believes that the journey of human souls toward true happiness is not possible except through the formation of a city, cooperation, collaboration, and ultimately, obedience to the commands and guidance of the virtuous ruler.
Of course, Al-Farabi also uses the term 'Madinah' to refer to the territory of civil societies and 'the political domain of cities' with the general term 'Ma'mura' at a global level (Al-Farabi, 1982: 118), which indicates that, in addition to the cooperation of humans, he also believed in the cooperation and collaboration of states.
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