خلاصة:
After the passing of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), schisms occurred among the Islamic Ummah, resulting from different interpretations of the Book and Sunnah, political developments, and cultural interactions with other nations. It was during such times that various sects emerged. One of these sects was the Khawarij, who considered those who committed major sins to be disbelievers, while another group was the Murji'ah, who opposed this Khawarij ideology. This very disagreement between the Khawarij and the Murji'ah led to the emergence of the Mu'tazila. The Mu'tazila is one of the rationalistic and argumentative sects, founded by Wasil ibn Ata. This group took advantage of the power vacuum at the end of the Umayyad period and engaged in propagating their doctrine and principles. During the first period of the Abbasids, they continued their intellectual activities, utilized the translation movement, became acquainted with philosophical thoughts, and equipped themselves with reason and philosophy. During the reigns of Ma'mun, Mu'tasim, and al-Wathiq, they drew close to political power and achieved great progress. This sect faced problems during the reign of Mutawakkil and began to decline. The aim of this research is to investigate the contexts of the emergence, growth, expansion, and dissolution of the Mu'tazila sect. The methodology in this article is descriptive-analytical, based on historical evidence.
ملخص الجهاز:
The Mu'tazila is one of the rational-argumentative sects, founded by Wasil ibn Ata. This group took advantage of the power vacuum at the end of the Umayyad period and engaged in preaching their doctrine and beliefs.
This article attempts to discuss and examine the Mu'tazila sect in the early centuries of Islam and, while addressing the main question: How was the emergence and manifestation of Mu'tazilite rationalist thought in the Islamic world?
The emergence, growth, and flourishing of each of the Islamic sects and schools can be summarized entirely in the following factors: 1- Differences in the tastes, thoughts, and spirituality of Muslims in understanding and interpreting religious teachings.
One of the important doctrinal issues that arose in Muslim society at the same time as the emergence of the Khawarij group, and caused much intellectual conflict and struggle, was the question of whether Islam and faith are merely a matter of belief, or if acting is also a part of it, and that without action, Islam and faith are not realized ?
" 325 The political-intellectual power and influence of the Mu'tazila during the second Abbasid Caliphate, from the beginning to the end of their existence as a sect or, in other words, their transition and absorption into other groups, has faced many ups and downs.
Conclusion Historical documents consider the official and historical emergence of the Mu'tazilite movement to be the presentation of new ideas by Wasil ibn Ata and his long-time friend and fellow thinker Amr ibn Ubayd regarding those who commit major sins and their deviation from the extremist and negligent views of the Khawarij and Murji'ah, and their separation (I'tizal) from the study circle of Hasan al-Basri.
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