خلاصة:
In recent decades, Muslim thinkers have grappled with the crises facing the Islamic world, especially in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria. The persistent conflicts and the contradiction between the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims have led to the realization among Muslim intellectuals that political and legal structures need reformation. These structures, often incompatible with modern Western legal norms and democratic ideals, have posed significant challenges to the concept of "citizenship," a cornerstone of democratic societies. In response to these challenges, neo-Mutazilites, including thinkers like Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid, Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, and Hassan Hanafi, have utilized modern methodologies such as linguistic analysis and philosophical hermeneutics to re-examine Quranic texts.This research focuses on Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid's perspective on citizenship rights, exploring how he proposed a theory of citizenship in Islamic societies by employing modern human sciences methodologies like linguistics and hermeneutics. Abu Zaid argues that citizenship rights are rooted in humanism, emphasizing that the concept of citizenship has not been fully realized in most Islamic societies due to the lack of freedom of opinion and expression. He asserts that to establish citizenship rights, fundamental components of human rights such as freedom must be acknowledged. Abu Zaid aligns his views with the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, emphasizing the inherent freedom and equality of all human beings. In his perspective, every individual possesses the power of reason, granting them the right to participate as active citizens.Abu Zaid challenges traditional notions of identity in Islamic societies, asserting that identity is often solely related to religion, neglecting other aspects. He connects this discussion to the concept of pluralism, highlighting the need for a broader understanding of identity in the discourse of citizenship. Additionally, Abu Zaid employs hermeneutics to contextualize the Quranic texts within historical and cultural frameworks. He argues that religious texts, including the Quran, are influenced by their cultural and historical contexts, requiring linguistic analysis to interpret them in accordance with contemporary conditions.Critics have questioned Abu Zaid's approach, particularly concerning the definition of "text" and the use of modern humanities methods to interpret divine matters. Despite these criticisms, Abu Zaid's vision aligns with Western thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, emphasizing that rulers cannot arbitrate all religious matters for citizens. He advocates for freedom of opinion as the foundational principle for achieving citizenship, believing that human rationality should guide the roadmap for the post-prophetic era. Abu Zaid's unique interpretation of Sharia focuses on creating a citizenship custom where religious morals replace mere legalities, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between the rule of law and citizenship.
ملخص الجهاز:
In response to the aforementioned questions, the hypothesis of this article has been formulated as follows: just as the modern Neo-Mu'tazilites, with a cognitive linguistic and hermeneutic approach, advocate for the reinterpretation of human and citizenship rights in light of the requirements of modern law and new subjects while maintaining the integrity of the Islamic tradition, Abu Zayd also, regarding the concept of "citizenship" and while criticizing established political systems, first believes that in these systems, the discourse of the concept of "citizenship" gives way to the theory of "subject-centeredness" (ra'iyat-mehvari), in which although sovereignty over all belongs to God (Abu Zayd, 2003: 122), those elites who consider themselves entitled to the right of interpreting religious texts, while denying the right to criticism, believe that humans lack rationality and reflection and must submit to the ruling power (Abu Zayd, 2003: 139-140).
1. Theoretical Framework: Methodological and Theoretical Preparations of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd for the Re-reading of the Theory of the Islamic Citizen To understand the theory of the modern Neo-Mu'tazilites and Abu Zayd regarding citizenship rights, it is necessary to first make references to their intellectual methodology, which is generally derived from hermeneutic and cognitive linguistic approaches in the field of human sciences; because some currents of the Neo-Mu'tazilites build their theories based on the method of discourse analysis and believe that through language, we create representations of reality that are in no way a reflection of a pre-existing reality, and in fact, language plays a role in constructing reality (Jorgensen, Louise, 2021: 29).
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