خلاصة:
چکیده The Abbasid Caliphate is considered one of the most important governing systems in the Islamic world. Many administrative and political institutions of Islamic civilization were formed during this caliphate, although many of these institutions were derived from the structures of pre-Islamic Iran. The institution of the judiciary was one of the most important administrative structures of this caliphate, that despite its previous existence in Islamic governments, it eventually evolved in the hands of the Abbasids. Various military and social structures served the judiciary of the Abbasid Caliphate, the most important of which were Hasabeh, Shorteh, and Divan-e-Mazalem (the Court of Injustice). The present study seeks to examine the position of the mentioned military and social institutions in the judicial structure of the Abbasid Caliphate and to illuminate the position of these military positions and social structures in the judicial system of the Abbasid Caliphate. The findings of the research indicate that these positions were an important part of the judicial structure of that period. Hasabeh was in charge of economic, social, and religious affairs, and this organization acted in direct connection with "Amr-be-Maroof va Nahy-e-Monkar" (enjoining the good and forbidding the evil). Shortehs (judicial officers) were the executors of judicial rulings and were considered the executive arm of the judiciary. Finally, the Court of Injustice, which was an important part of the judiciary of the Abbasid Caliphate and was directly run by the caliph himself, also played an important role in people's direct access to the caliphs when they dealt with people's complaints about the actions of the governors, commanders, and notable statesmen.
ملخص الجهاز:
Examination of Military and Social Institutions in the Service of the Judicial Structure of the Abbasid Caliphate * Mohammad Hassan Beigi1 Abstract The Abbasid Caliphate is considered one of the most important governmental apparatuses in the Islamic world.
Various military and social structures were in service to the judicial institution of the Abbasid Caliphate, the most important of which include the Hisbah, the Shurta, and the Diwan al-Mazalim.
The Hisbah institution supervised economic, social, and religious affairs, and this organization operated in direct connection with commanding good and forbidding evil; the Shurta were officers responsible for enforcing judicial rulings and were considered the executive arm of the judiciary; and the Diwan al-Mazalim, which was an important part of the Abbasid judicial apparatus, played a significant role in providing people direct access to the Caliphs regarding complaints against government officials and had the responsibility of addressing the oppressive actions of * Assistant Professor, Department of History, Arak University.
Keywords: Abbasid Caliphate, judicial institution, military offices, Shurta, Hisbah, Diwan al-Mazalim Introduction The judicial system, as one of the governmental structures, is considered one of the fundamental pillars of a political system.
After the death of Sulayman and the succession of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, as a result of the increasing oppression of officials and the tyranny of oppressors, the Caliph personally sat in the Diwan al-Mazalim - and dealt with the pleas of the aggrieved (al-Mawardi, 1383: 166; Sakat, 1365: | Examining military and social institutions in the service of the judicial structure ...
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