خلاصة:
With the start of World War I among European nations on August 6, 1914 / 13 Ramadan 1332 AH, the Allies and the Central Powers lined up against each other, and concurrently, the political and military activities of two groups—namely Russia and England on one side, and Germany and the Ottoman Empire on the other—intensified in Iran. Despite the fact that the Iranian government, under Prime Minister Mostowfi al-Mamalek, declared neutrality in the war, the country was subjected to severe foreign aggression, and each of these hostile forces brought a part of Iran under their control and influence. Kermanshah was one of Iran's most important border cities, which suffered extensive damage during World War I. In this great war, the tribes and clans of Kermanshah directly entered the conflict, and both the Allied and Central Powers attempted to draw them toward their respective sides using specific methods and tactics. Therefore, the objective of this article is to examine the situation of Kermanshah during World War I, from the entry of Ottoman forces to the formation of the National Provisional Government, by relying on the role of the tribes and clans, which will be written using a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary and library sources.
ملخص الجهاز:
Of course, the Ottomans and Germans had already begun their activities in various ways before the government of Amir Mafakham; so much so that via a telegram dated 18 Rabi' al-Awwal 1333, Amir Mafakham informed the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs that the Ottomans had begun publishing and distributing printed leaflets in the city to invite the people to Islamic unity and revolt against the Allies, but these actions were halted upon his arrival (Green Book, 1363: 92-93), all while the Iranian government insisted on its neutrality in the World War. During these days, the Ottomans wanted to dispatch their forces to Iran under flimsy pretexts; to this end, they resorted to inciting clerics to issue fatwas and sending preachers to Kermanshah.
Regarding this, Samsam al-Mamalik, the governor of Qasr-e Shirin, sought instructions from Amir Mafakham, the governor of Kermanshah, who was staying in Sarpol-e Zahab; he also, upon the recommendation of "Niedermayer," who was a companion of the Minister Plenipotentiary and head of the Afghan investigative mission, called upon Samsam al-Mamalik to maintain neutrality and retreat in the face of Raouf Bey. With the entry of Ottoman forces into Qasr-e Shirin, the situation in this region became chaotic, the village elders of Qasr-e Shirin were arrested, amounts were taken from the city inhabitants as fines, the merchants there fled, and their property was looted (Qotbi, 1380: 56; Sakma; 17/171/25/ 293).
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