خلاصة:
Ottoman expansionist policies during the reign of Sultan Murad III opened the Crimean Khanates—despite the vast distance—as Ottoman allies to the political history developments of Iran during the Safavid era. The weakness of Iran's central authority during the reign of Sultan Mohammad Khodabande led to the conclusion of the Ottoman-Iranian battles over Shirvan in favor of the Ottomans, with the assistance of the Crimean Khanates. The Crimean Khanates surrendered two valuable captives (the brothers of the Crimean Khan) to the Iranians. One of these two was killed at court, while the other, after living at court for some time and being imprisoned in Alamut Castle, managed to escape from Iran and rejoin the Ottomans. The impact of their presence, the manner in which the Iranian court treated these two captives, and their military operations within Iranian territory have highlighted the role of the Crimean Khanates in Iranian history. Although the actions of the Crimean Khanates did not yield much for them beyond war spoils, they were influential in the temporary separation of the Caucasus from Iran and its twenty-year occupation by the Ottomans. Despite the importance of the subject, no research has yet been conducted on this matter in Iran.
ملخص الجهاز:
However, it did not last long; during the turmoil following the death of Shah Tahmasp I, the succession of Ismail II, and finally the accession of an incompetent ruler like Sultan Mohammad Khodabandeh, the Ottoman Sultan Murad III, by disregarding the terms of the peace treaty, began to conquer the western regions of Iran, especially in the Caucasus region, from the year 986 AH (1578 AD) onwards.
In this article, an effort will be made to examine the political situation of the North Caucasus, which paved the way for the use of the Crimean Khanate's forces in the power equations between Iran and the Ottomans, and to address the role of this force in the Ottoman-Iranian battles during the reign of Sultan Mohammad Khodabandeh (985-995 AH / 1577-1587 AD), specifically where the Shirvan region was the arena for the defense of Iranian territory against Ottoman aggressions.
Since this writing pursues a different objective, mention of these battles will be avoided, and the study will be limited to the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the era of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in the Caucasus region, focusing on the role of the Crimean Khanates.
The Ottomans utilized the influence they had among the tribes residing in Dagestan, especially the Lezgins, and through an agreement, had obtained a commitment from them that no disturbance would occur during the passage of the Crimean Khanate through their territory; Jamal Gökçe, The Caucasus and the Policy of the Ottoman Empire, translated by Wahab Vali (Tehran: Center for Printing and Publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1373), pp.
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