خلاصة:
One of the important and, at the same time, less known periods of the history of Persian literature in the field of Tarsal and chancery during the Timurid era is the study of this period. In this historical segment, great and famous secretaries such as Abd al-Wasi' Nizami Heravi, Yusuf Ahl, Mohammad Ali bin Jamal al-Islam, Mu'in al-Din Isfadhari, Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi, Shihab al-Din Abdullah Morvarid (Bayani Kermani), Khwaja Jahan, Jami, and Khwandamir emerged and left valuable and important works in prose and correspondence; works, some of which, like Riyad al-Insha of Qawan and the Mansha'at of Jami, are purely collections of divanic or epistolary writings of scribes, while others, like the Tarsal of Isfadhari and Makhzan al-Insha of Kashifi, have addressed the theoretical principles of chancery and scribal arts along with sample letters. In this article, in addition to becoming familiar with the general flow of scribal arts and chancery in the Timurid era and stating the theoretical and practical standards of Tarsal and prose in this era, the content, style, and structure of prominent works of Tarsal and prose have also been addressed to provide a general overview of the scribal arts of this period and the extent of imitation or innovation by the secretaries.
ملخص الجهاز:
In this historical period, great and famous secretaries such as Abd al-Wasi' Nizami Heravi, Yusuf Ahl, Muhammad Ali ibn Jamal al-Islam, Mu'in al-Din Isfizari, Mullah Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi, Shihab al-Din Abdullah Marwarid (Bayani Kermani), Khwaja Jahan, Jami, and Khwandamir emerged and left valuable and important works in composition and letter writing; works, some of which, like Riyad al-Insha by Qawan and the Munsha'at of Jami, are merely collections of official or private (ikhwani) compositions of scribes, while others, such as the Tarsal of Isfizari and Makhzan al-Insha by Kashifi, have addressed the theoretical foundations of scribal arts and composition along with sample letters.
Among the works that have remained from antiquity regarding the art of authorship and the conventions of writing, the following articles and books can be mentioned in chronological order: Manazir al-Insha by Khwaja Imad al-Din Mahmud Gawan, nicknamed "Sadr Jahan"; the Munsha'at treatise written by Abd al-Rahman Jami; the book Tarsal or Insha authored by Mu'in al-Din Isfizari, a literatus of the court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara; Makhzan al-Insha and Sahifa-ye Thani by Mulla Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi Sabzawari (Razmjoo, 1374: 257).
" These types of correspondences and letters, which are among courtly letters and in the old terminology are of the type "Sultaniyat"; in any case, state documents and official correspondence of sultans and emirs, as well as decrees, rulings, endowment deeds (waqf-namas), and the like, are considered among the most important historical sources (Salehi, 1380: 55-56), such as Munsha' al-Insha by Nizami Heravi, Humayun-nama by Shihab Munshi, Fara'id-i Ghiyathi Yusuf Ahl, Munsha'at-i Meybadi, Riyadh al-Insha by Gawan, Sharaf-nama by Khwaja Shihab al-Din Abdullah Marvarid, Nama-yi Nami by Khandamir, and Tarsal-e Isfizari.
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