Introduction to Foreign Books مقدمة ومراجعة

خلاصة:

Chapter two refers in more detail to a number of informative case studies regarding the United States and raises issues that have occurred in this field. Chapter three deals with presenting topics regarding policy and practice in Britain. Following the contents of the previous chapter, chapter four looks with a deeper perspective at three case studies of British practice, which helps the reader understand what has happened in the field of crime and environmental design in contemporary Britain. Chapter three, which deals with comparative studies and key topics, is divided into two chapters. The first chapter considers the comparison of crime levels and the differences that have existed within the framework of policy and practice in recent years in the United States and Britain. The second chapter considers important perspectives in the field of planning for crime prevention and important matters that can help us in this regard. This book is very useful for urban planners and designers, police, policymakers, urban safety experts, and all citizens interested in improving the quality of life and especially gaining awareness about crime. Case studies and research conducted on the subject, various types of structural designs, and numerous images provide appropriate solutions for individuals interested in the subject. And the detailed bibliography at the end of the book provides numerous and useful resources for researchers in various fields. To let them. Second, they should try to move the work forward towards gaining more evidence for the growth and excellence of knowledge and understanding of this subject. In the past, the role of the police in this regard, in addition to crime issues, was focused on environmental design. But today, in the police service, there are groups of specialists who are proficient in several professions and work on the environmental structure. The author in this book wants to show the connections between planning activities, crime prevention, and environmental design. The present book consists of three parts and ten chapters. In the first chapter of the first part, it deals with the connection between crime, fear of crime, and organization and considers environmental design management as the main topic that has influenced the quality of life in the countries of Britain and the United States. Recent crime trends in the United States and Britain and a statistical report of crimes reported to or by the police in the countries of the United States, England, and Wales are examined in the second chapter. In the third chapter, the author depicts a historical space of defensive spaces in connection with human struggles. The fourth chapter considers the basic principles of crime prevention based on place in the form of four theories, including defensible space, crime prevention through environmental design, situational (opportunistic) crime prevention, and environmental criminology. The second part is organized into four chapters, where the first chapter deals with the discussion of policy and practice. In the introduction, two topics are addressed: first, it recommends to urban engineers and other specialists that the connection between crime prevention and environmental design with all its aspects be considered. Modification and change are occurring. Chapter 4, titled 'School-Based Crime Prevention', deals with research and programs implemented around this subject. This chapter is one of the longest chapters of the book and is full of resources and research conducted around this subject. The Maryland Scientific Methods Scale is a way to connect with scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders to express studies conducted on the evaluation of the effects of criminological interventions that differ from each other in terms of methodological quality in the simplest possible way. This chapter includes four sections. The first section deals with the accidental Frechet test. Methodological quality scales are included in the second section. The third section deals with the scientific methods scale. And the last section deals with improving the Maryland scientific methods scale. The third chapter is dedicated to 'Family-Based Crime Prevention', and its goal is to evaluate new knowledge regarding the effectiveness of family-based crime prevention programs. The goal of such programs is mainly focused on potential risk factors in families, such as improper child rearing, weak supervision, or harsh discipline. 'Schools are an important potential center for crime prevention. Schools provide continuous access to students during the years of growth and perhaps the only constant access to a large number of juveniles susceptible to crime during the early years of education. These schools have salaried staff whose goal is to raise healthy, happy, and useful citizens. And society usually uses school activities for the socialization of young people. A number of areas of delinquent behavior are related to school and therefore can probably be addressed through school intervention. The chapter is divided into six sections. The first section refers to a brief history of the research project that led to the compilation of this book. The second and third sections deal with the theoretical and organizational aspects of crime prevention. The fourth section refers to key elements that contribute to the science of crime prevention. The fifth section reports the research methods used in the collection, review, and analysis of programs. Crime prevention in chapters 3 to 9 is briefly covered. The last section also explains the key objectives and structure of the book. The key objectives of this book are: * To update and naturally produce a new edition of the 'Crime Prevention' report; * To provide the most up-to-date, comprehensive, and detailed assessment of scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of crime prevention in the United States, England, and internationally; * To clarify the scientific methods scale; and * To provide an understandable source of information about what works and what does not work and what is promising regarding crime prevention; especially for policymakers, researchers, and community leaders in England, the United States, and other Western countries. The 'Maryland Scientific Methods Scale' is in chapter two. The main goal of the book is formulated in ten chapters. Its first chapter refers to the framework.