خلاصة:
The conquest of the northern provinces of Iran, namely Gorgan, Tabaristan, and Deylam, was much more difficult than the conquest of other parts of this land, and the impassable mountains of these regions served as a strong natural fortress for its inhabitants. Due to these favorable geographical conditions of the region, the coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea have been a safe haven for claimants and opponents of the Abbasid Caliphate. The only Muslim group that was able to penetrate this region were the Alawite Sayyids, who, during the caliphates of Al-Mutawakkil (232-247 AH) and Al-Musta'in (248-251 AH), due to persecution by those two caliphs, were forced to seek refuge in the mountainous areas of Tabaristan and Deylam and eventually took control of the government of that land. The contemporary Abbasid government, which collected taxes from the people of Tabaristan several times a year under various pretexts, incited a mass uprising of the people of those areas, and they found their only way to escape that humiliating life was through cooperation and coordination with the Alawites, who had raised the banner of opposition and enmity against the Abbasid caliphs. To achieve this goal, they followed one of the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) named Hasan ibn Zayd, who resided in Rey, and invited him to Tabaristan. Hasan ibn Zayd accepted their invitation, and the people of that land pledged allegiance to him. It was not long before a dynasty of Alawite Sayyids (250-316 AH) was established in Tabaristan, whose founder was Hasan ibn Zayd al-Alawi (250-270 AH), titled Da'i al-Kabir. In this article, in addition to the historical course of the expansion and influence of the Alawites in the Tabaristan or Mazandaran region, the reasons and motives for the Alawites' turn to this region are also addressed separately.
ملخص الجهاز:
The only Muslim group that was able to penetrate this region were the Alawid Sayyids, who, during the caliphates of al-Mutawakkil (232-247 AH) and al-Musta'in (248-251 AH), due to persecution by those two caliphs, were forced to seek refuge in the mountainous areas of Tabaristan and Daylam and eventually took control of the government of that land.
It was not long before a dynasty of Alawid Sayyids (250-316 AH) was established in Tabaristan, whose founder was Hasan ibn Zayd Alawi (250-270 AH), titled al-Da'i al-Kabir.
It was not long before a dynasty of Alawid Sayyids was established in Mazandaran and Gilan, and its founder was Hasan ibn Zayd Alawi, titled al-Da'i al-Kabir.
1 Sufyan al-Thawri says: «هل ادرکت غیر الناس الا الشیعه؟» (Have you seen anyone better than the people except the Shiites?) 2 Another major reason for the influence of Shiism in all Islamic lands, including Iran, is this very popularity of the Alawids.
The Alawid uprisings, which after Zayd ibn Ali had a largely Shiite character, spread continuously in the early centuries, and examples of such uprisings are abundant in Islamic lands, including Hijaz, Iraq, and Iran.
Yaqubi, referring to the movement of Zayd ibn Ali, says that from then on, Shiism became widespread in regions such as Khorasan, and propaganda against the Umayyads flourished.
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