خلاصة:
Śaivism، a major sect of Hinduism، enjoys many devotees in India. Śiva، a god with paradoxical attributes، is devotionally worshiped in Śaivism. Śiva is، in fact، a pre-Vedic god which developed in a relatively long period، from pre-Vedic civilization to later Hinduism، and finally became a prominent god of India. This development istraceable in the Hindu scriptures. Besides، the remnants of the glorious pre-Vedic civilization، especially in Mohenjodaro and Harappa، cast some light on the study of this development. Some scholars believe thatpre-Vedic teachings and religious practices survived among the lower classes of the Hindu society and was gradually transmitted to other classes. These pre-Vedic beliefs mingled with the Vedic religion and finally brought forth the Yoga school and Śaivism. Therefore، in later Hinduism، we can see several Śaiva sects with their specific beliefs and practices.
ملخص الجهاز:
Furthermore, it can be observed that the remnants of the glorious pre-Aryan civilization, especially the civilization of the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, which had not completely vanished after the dominance of Indo-European peoples and the extinction of the urban civilizations of that land, but had left traces in the lower and underprivileged strata of Indian religious society and among the indigenous Dravidian races, gradually emerged and, like the schools of Yoga and Shaivism, formed the important pillars of today's Hinduism.
However, after the Upanishadic period, whose literature was exclusive to the intellectuals of society and from which the common people did not benefit, another period emerged 1 in which remarkable events occurred and several intellectual currents such as the religion of Vasudeva Krishna and the Bhagavata sect 2 took shape, which presented the stage of monotheism and the path of love and devotional worship (bhakti) 3 and ultimately led to Vaishnavism.
In addition, the remains of the magnificent pre-Aryan civilization, especially the civilization of the cities of Mohenjo-daro 6 and Harappa 7, which had not been completely obliterated after the invasion of the Aryan peoples and the extinction of indigenous urban civilizations, and traces of which remained in the lower and lowly strata of Indian religious society and among the indigenous Dravidian races, gradually resurfaced and, like the Samkhya, Yoga, and Shaivism schools, formed the important pillars of modern Hinduism.
B. Keith (1925) in the book The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads 5, the attempt to distinguish between Aryan and non-Aryan elements in Rudra-Shiva is essentially futile.
(
, 
, 
)
