خلاصة:
One of the most important, or at least one of the most important, questions in epistemology is the possibility or impossibility of certain and realistic knowledge. This issue can be raised both in the realm of all human knowledge and in the dimension of religious knowledge. Today, modern skepticism, which has emerged in a corner of the geography of Western thought, produces outcomes in which the denial of certain knowledge is an inseparable element. These software-based productions have emerged particularly in fields such as the philosophy of religion, political philosophy, moral philosophy, modern theology, hermeneutics, textual interpretation, etc., and one of its signs is relativity and changeability. In any case, one of the necessary efforts for a fundamental evaluation of this group of theories is to go after their roots and main assumptions, which seems that the denial of certainty and realistic knowledge is one of these assumptions. Claims such as: the unprovability of God's existence, the personal nature of religion, the denial of any fixed and absolute proposition in religion, the relativity and changeability of values (both legal and moral), the temporal nature of Islamic rulings, religious and epistemological pluralism, the existence and legitimacy of different readings of religion, etc., are among the matters that can be considered the element of denying certain knowledge from their established principles. In this writing, an attempt has been made to take a step, however small, towards denying skepticism and proving its futility by showing the possibility of certainty and explaining the ways to achieve it. Whether it is accepted or considered.
ملخص الجهاز:
The Application of Certainty in Lexicography Lexicographers and dictionaries consider "certainty" to be a type of awareness with specific characteristics; after accumulating their statements and separating the most important ones, these characteristics are as follows: The destroyer of doubt and its opposite; (2) the provider of psychological tranquility; (3) the stabilizer of judgment and affirmation; (4) arising from thought and reasoning; (5) possessing stability and clarity, (6) and incorruptibility; (7) a belief that arises after doubt and does not accompany it; (8) conforming to reality; (9) the highest level of awareness and the most emphatic one, which leaves no room for any conflicting probability.
Bahmanyar, the direct student of Ibn Sina, also mentions two types of definitions for certainty: in the first definition, he introduces the components of: belief in the content of the proposition, and belief in the impossibility of its negation as the shapers of certainty, (31) but in another place, he also adds the component of "truth," and furthermore, adds the factor of the imperishability of certain belief, namely, arising from reasoning (by means of tawajjuh).
In his other book, he identifies certainty as encompassing the following elements: belief in the content of the proposition; decisiveness (jazm); truth (correspondence with reality), and arising from reasoning (42) (the result of which is imperishability).
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, after considering the aforementioned components as conditions for the realization of certainty, adds: the negation of the possibility of the contradiction in reality and the essence of the matter necessitates correspondence; in the mind of the knower, it necessitates decisiveness (jazm); and its non-vanishing through gradation (tashkik) necessitates stability and permanence.
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