خلاصة:
This is a study, investigation, and critique of the theological and Quranic thoughts of the Mu'tazilites. The discussion of the createdness of the Quran was first raised by Ja'd ibn Dirham. With the emergence of the Mu'tazilites, this discussion took on new life, and Al-Ma'mun al-Abbasi became its staunch defender. Al-Ma'mun forced many scholars to accept the createdness of the Quran. Because the Mu'tazilites believed in verbal speech regarding the speech of God, they proposed the createdness of the Quran. The most important reasons for the Mu'tazilites regarding the createdness of the Quran were the verses of the Quran and reason. The Mu'tazilites consider abrogation (Naskh) to be the removal of a ruling and believe that abrogation has occurred in the Quran. The conditions of abrogation from the Mu'tazilite perspective are: 1- Both the abrogating (Nasikh) and the abrogated (Mansukh) must be legal proofs. 2- The abrogating must be distinct from the abrogated. They believe that all three types of abrogation—abrogation of recitation and ruling, abrogation of recitation only, and abrogation of ruling only—are possible and have indeed occurred in the Quran. From the Mu'tazilite perspective, the Quran, Sunnah, and Ijma (consensus) can act as the abrogator of Quranic verses. The Mu'tazilite scholar Al-Nazzam considered 'Sarfah' (diverting) as one aspect of the inimitability of the Quran, and Al-Jahiz critiqued his view. Reports of the unseen, the order of the Quran, the eloquence of the Quran, the rhetoric of the Quran, the breaking of habits, the lack of conflict with the Quran, the consistency of verses, the similarity of the Quran to other miracles, and the compatibility of the Quran with reason are other aspects of the inimitability of the Quran from the Mu'tazilite perspective. They believe that to understand God's intent from the ambiguous verses (Mutashabihat), one must first refer to reason and subsequently to the verses, Sunnah, and Ijma. Furthermore, the general and the specific, the stories of the Quran, the revelation of the Quran, and the incorruptibility of the Quran have been examined from the Mu'tazilite perspective.
ملخص الجهاز:
The Mu'tazilites, contrary to some who do not accept the abrogation of recitation and ruling or the abrogation of recitation, believe that all three types of Naskh are possible and have occurred in the Quran.
After al-Jahiz, Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani, a famous Mu'tazilite commentator and theologian in the fourth century, wrote al-Nukat fi I'jaz al-Qur'an regarding the aspects of the inimitability of the Quran.
)53 Another author who, after al-Jahiz, believed that the rhetoric of the Quran was among the aspects of its inimitability is al-Rummani, a great Mu'tazili commentator; he considers rhetoric as conveying meaning through the best words and divides it into three types: 1.
Absence of inconsistency in the Quran Abu Ali and Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i, among the greats of the Mu'tazilites and teachers of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu'tazili, believe that the inimitability of the Quran lies in the absence of inconsistency in its verses.
)59 Difference between Muhkam and Mutashabih This discussion has been raised by Qadi Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu'tazili within the context of a problematic question: (If someone asks, does the Muhkam of the Quran have an advantage over the Mutashabihat in terms of indication, or not?
Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu'tazili writes about this: (A clue is either rational or auditory (sam'i); an auditory clue is either in the beginning of the very verse that contains the Mutashabih, or at its end, or in other verses of the Quran; or the clue is the Sunnah of the Prophet, which consists of his words and actions, or the clue is consensus (ijma').
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