Abstract:
Today, countries that have experienced damages caused by wars, pay special attentions to passive defense in their defense strategies to protect their national properties and vital resources. To this end, observing passive defense considerations in urban development and design has a great impact on reducing the vulnerability of cities, financial losses, and casualties as well as increasing citizens’ tolerance threshold which can facilitate urban crisis management. The article analyzes the macro models of urban patterns and their strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, some of the obligations necessary for improving sustainable resistance of these forms under war conditions are proposed. The micro scale form-based considerations as well as the effects of specific small-scale urban design arrangements and requirements such as parcel size, arrangement and layout of structural parts, etc., which can reduce the damages resulting from attacks on cities, have been discussed as well. This study is an original research and upon on the purpose of the paper it is based on applied one. Due to the complexity of the morphology design and passive defense, the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research is used as the methodology.
Machine summary:
Secure Urban Design in Terms of Passive Defense Approach; Analytical Considerations for Improving Form-based Characteristics in Iranian Cities Amir Shakibamanesh* 1Assistant Professor of Urban Design, Department of Urban Planning and Design, School of Architecture and Urban Studies, Tehran Art University, Tehran, Iran.
In the Iranian military and strategic texts, "passive defense" is defined as "a series of nonviolent actions with the purpose of increasing resistance against the enemy’s attacks on residential areas, improving maintenance of essential activities in cities and villages, improving national resistance, and facilitating crisis management against the enemy’s military threats and actions (Iran’s Fourth Development Plan, Clause 11 of the Administrative Procedures Act 121, the Expediency Council; Movahedi Nia, 2008; Asghryan Jeddi, 1996; Ziari, 2001).
In all these methods, urban form design at macro- (city patterns) and micro- (physical texture of urban areas) levels can be considered effective in increasing cities’ security, reducing their vulnerability to enemy attacks and minimizing casualties in urban areas.
A) The Strengths of Linear Urban Form for Passive Defense In the northern cities of Iran on the Caspian seaside, which are obvious examples of the linear model, extensive natural beds, gardens and farms play an effective role in the distribution of population in urban areas and in implementation of decentralization strategies aimed at creating opportunities to take refuge in safe areas at the time of attacks.