Abstract:
Aims: We investigated gender differences among adolescents in quality of sleep, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, emotional states, and personality traits and also if the effect of quality of sleep on psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, emotional states, and personality traits was moderated by gender.Method: High school pupils (n1 = 155, n2 = 142, and n3 = 325) responded to the Uppsala Sleep Inventory, the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Type A-Personality Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Gender differences were investigated using Multivariate Analyses of Variance and moderation using multi-group Structural Equation Modeling.Results: Girls scored higher in major sleep problems, difficulties falling asleep, night awakenings, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, negative affect, depression, stress, and Type A-personality. Boys scored higher in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and persistence. Girls’ quality of sleep was related to their psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, positive affect, negative affect, stress, novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, and self-directedness. Boys’ quality of sleep was related to their psychophysiological problems, negative affect, stress, Type A-personality, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and self-directedness.Conclusion: Girls showed the unhealthiest sleep-psychophysiological-emotional-personality profile. For both genders, good quality of sleep or “beauty sleep” might result in less psychophysiological problems, less negative affect, less stress, less novelty seeking, and less self-directedness. However, for boys, “sleeping beauty” comprises less Type A-behaviour, less harm avoidance, and more reward dependence; while for girls “sleeping beauty” comprises less frequency of vivid dreams, more positive affect, less reward dependence, and more persistent behaviour
Machine summary:
Results: Girls scored higher in major sleep problems, difficulties falling asleep, night awakenings, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, negative affect, depression, stress, and Type A-personality.
Boys’ quality of sleep was related to their psychophysiological problems, negative affect, stress, Type A-personality, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and self-directedness.
com on positive and negative affect (Schütz, Garcia Archer, 2013), stress and energy (Schütz, 2015), depressive symptoms (Ebmeier, Donaghey Steele, 2006), and health-related personality profiles (Cloninger, 2004).
gender while the dependent factors were major sleep problems, difficulties falling asleep, sleeping hours, night awakenings, awake, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, positive affect, negative affect, stress, energy, and Type A-personality.
Multi-group moderation analysis The structural equation model analysis using quality of sleep as the independent variable and psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, positive affect, negative affect, stress, energy, and Type A-personality as the dependent variables showed that Chi2 value was significant (Chi2 = 107.
Structural equation model in Study I of the relationship between sleep quality and (A) boys’ (n = 94) and (B) girls’ (n = 47) psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, and emotional states, and Type A-personality.
Results of the structural equation model in Study II using sleep quality as the predictor of boys’ (n = 94) and of girls’ (n = 47) psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, emotional states, and Type A-personality.
Results Differences between gender In the MANOVA, the independent factors were gender while the dependent factors were major sleep problems, difficulties falling asleep, sleeping hours, night awakenings, awake, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, positive affect, negative affect, stress, energy, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence.