Abstract:
بسیاری از پژوهشهای حوزة سلامت روان نشان میدهند حالت ذهنی انسان به میزان زیادی فاقد آگاهی است؛ به این معنا که انسانها بیشتر اوقات یا غرق در خاطرات گذشتهاند یا دربارة آینده رؤیاپردازی میکنند و کمتر از حضور در زمان حال لذت میبرند. روانشناسان علوم محیطی با تلفیق چند مفهوم کلیدی ازجمله تأکید بر تجربة حضور، لذت از زندگی در زمان حال و نقشی که این موضوع در ارتقای سلامت روانی شهروندان دارد، مفهوم جدیدی را با عنوان «ذهنآگاهی» مطرح کردهاند. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، تبیین معیارهایی است که از احساس و زبان شهروندان دربارة تجربه، لذت حضور و ذهنآگاهی در محیطهای تفرجگاهی استخراج شده است. در راستای اهداف تعریفشده، از مراجعان به دو فضای تفرجگاهی طبیعی ایلگولی و عونبن علی تبریز نمونهگیری و مصاحبة هدفمند انجام و با تحلیل محتوای کیفی، کدهای لازم استخراج شد. این کدها در ادامه به 6 مقولة اصلی (معیار) و 18 زیرمقوله (زیرمعیار) تبدیل شدند. صحت مدل استخراجشده با تکنیک تحلیل عاملی تأییدی آزموده شد. در انتها با بهرهمندی از آرای خبرگان در حوزة شهرسازی و طراحی محیطی و استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل سلسلهمراتبی، معیارها و زیرمعیارهای مدل وزنبندی شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان میدهد احساس آرامش در محیط طبیعی، مؤثرترین معیار بهمنظور القای حس ذهنآگاهی و تجربة لذتبخش از حضور در این فضاست؛ در حالی که معیارهای زیبایی طبیعت، صمیمیت، عظمت و شکوه، سرزندگی و درنهایت معنویت و امکان کشف محیط در رتبههای بعدی اهمیت قرار دارند. گفتنی است معیارها و زیرمعیارهای استخراجشده از مدل ذهنآگاهی در محیطهای طبیعی، گذشته از کاربرد برای ارزیابی کیفیت دیگر محیطهای طبیعی و مصنوع، به برنامهریزان، طراحان و مجریان مناظر طبیعی در ارتقای طرحهای پیشنهادی و اجرایی مناظر طبیعی کمک شایانی میکنند.
Extended Abstract: Introduction: Many studies in the field of mental health suggest that the ordinary state of mind is significantly lacking mental awareness. It means that humans spend most of their time immersing themselves in memories or dreaming future. The concept of mindfulness is a topic that has become a concern of researchers in psychologyin recent years. The short definition of mindfulness is the awareness of current experience, its acceptance, and enjoyment. Despite the extensive research in the field of the psychological concept of mindfulness, the lack of mindfulness problems during the perception of the physical environment has been less discussed. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is to present a model of mindfulness in urban natural recreational spaces. The operational purpose of this research is to prioritize the criteria of mindfulness in order to evaluate other similar environments and improve the quality of such spaces. Methodology: In line with the defined objectives, the authors of the present study planned a non-probable (purposive) sampling of pedestrians in the two natural recreational spaces of Tabriz: El Goli and Oun ibn Ali. The authors sampled 93 cases in the first space and 57 cases in the second space (total 150 cases). In the next step, by focusing on the context of the interviews, the necessary codes were extracted. These codes were then transformed into 6 main categories and 18 subcategories to make the model of mindfulness in the natural recreational spaces. The validity of the model was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis technique in LISREL software. Finally, the AHP technique was used to prioritize the categories and subcategories. The rating process was based on the relative frequency of categories in the interviews and average scores of thirteen native experts in the field of architecture and urban planning. Discussion: To obtain the categories and subcategories of mindfulness in the naturalenvironment, two questions were asked: 1) Why do you choose this natural environment for hiking or leisure and the overall enjoyment of the present?; and 2) What qualities or features of this natural environment have made you attracted to it? The findings of the present study indicate that six main categories including ‘feeling of relaxation’, ‘vitality and vivacity’, ‘beauty of nature’, ‘spirituality and the possibility of discovering the environment’, ‘intimacy of space’, and ‘greatness and glory of the space’ are the most important factors in attracting pedestrians and motivating them to mindful thinking about natural environments. Each of these categories also includes several subcategories. Factors such as the ‘possibility of avoidance of concerns’, ‘possibility of moving and water landscape’, ‘quality of nature and green space’, and ‘possibility of walking’ are important sub-categories that play a significant role in raising the awareness of citizens. Such factors form the model of mindfulness in Tabriz’s natural recreation areas. It is worth mentioning that the validity and reliability of the model were confirmed by the convergent construct validity technique and composite reliability technique, respectively. Also, the fitness of the suggested model for the second-level confirmatory factor analysis and first-level confirmatory factor analysis was confirmed in the 95% confidence level. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that ‘the feeling of relaxation’ is the most effective criterion to induce a sense of mindfulness and pleasure in the present time. 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Machine summary:
نتايج اين پژوهش نشان مي دهـد احسـاس آرامش در محيط طبيعي، مؤثرترين معيار به منظور القاي حس ذهن آگاهي و تجربۀ لذت بخش از حضور در ايـن فضاسـت ؛ در حالي که معيارهاي زيبايي طبيعت ، صميميت ، عظمت و شکوه ، سـرزندگي و درنهايـت معنويـت و امکـان کشـف محـيط در رتبه هاي بعدي اهميت قرار دارند.
در اين ميان ، آنچه به مثابۀ خلأ پژوهش هاي فعلي حس مي شود اين است که اکتشـاف و بررسي عوامل و معيارهاي مؤثر بر ارتقاي سلامت محيطي را غالبا روان شناسان محيطي انجام ميدهند و کمتـر ديـده شده است که برنامه ريزان و طراحان محيطي، شهرسازان و مديران شهري که درواقع خالق فضاهاي شهري و طبيعي در شهرها هستند، معيارهاي طراحي محيطي را با بهره گيري از نظرات مستقيم شهروندان و از راه مصـاحبۀ عميـق بـا آنهـا استخراج کنند.
در اين پژوهش نيز از راهبرد استقرايي استفاده شده است ؛ به اين دليل که قصد نويسندگان بر آن بوده که با توجه به شرايط زمينه اي اجتماعي- رواني شهروندان ايرانـي در يـک کـلان شـهر، موضوع تجربۀ حضور، لذت از زندگي در زمان حال و ذهن آگاهي شهروندان را در بسـتر مراجعـه بـه محـيط طبيعـي بررسي کنند تا بر اين اساس فرايند اکتشاف معيارها، زيرمعيارها و درمجموع شاخص سازي از جزء به کـل تعمـيم داده شود؛ بدين منظور فرايند برداشت و تحليل داده به طور ترکيبي و با دو روش کيفـي و کمـي انجـام شـده اسـت .