Abstract:
هدف این پژوهش بررسی «احساس و ادراک در روانشناسی و مقایسه آن با دیدگاه ملاصدرا» است. بدین مظور ابتدا با مراجعه به منابع روانشناختی معتبر مانند آثار بروس گلداشتاین، جیمز کالات، اتکینسون و هیلگارد آخرین دیدگاهها درباره احساس و ادراک استخراج گردید؛ سپس به کتابهای دست اول ملاصدرا نظیر اسفار، مفاتیح الغیب و شواهد الربوبیه بهویژه مباحث مربوط به قوای حسی و نحوه ادراک مراجعه گردید و دیدگاه ایشان در این زمینه گردآوری شد. یافتهها به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی با همدیگر مقایسه گردید و نتایج ذیل به دست آمد: 1- از نگاه عمده روانشناسان، ماهیت احساس و ادراک امری مادی و از جنس موادی مغزی نخاعی و نهایتاً فعالیت آن است. 2- ادراک طی هفت مرحله رخ میدهد که از مواجهه انسان با محرک بیرونی آغاز شده، به تجربه هشیار در ارتباط با محرک خارجی و اتخاذ رفتار مناسب در ارتباط با آن پایان مییابد. 3- گستره ادراک به مدرکات حسی محدود میگردد و برای انسان ادراکی از سنخ دیگر رخ نمیدهد یا دست کم با تردید مواجه است. 4-از نظر ملاصدرا احساس و ادراک صرفاً برای نفس اتفاق میافتد که جوهری مجرد است و امر ادراکشده یا صورت ذهنی امری مجرد و فعل و تولید نفس است که نفس آن را هماهنگ با تغییر بدنی میسازد. 5- ادراک حسی طی پنج مرحله رخ میدهد که از مواجهه با شیء خارجی آغاز میشود و به ساخت صورت مجرد هماهنگ با آن توسط نفس و تفسیر و تحلیل آن خاتمه مییابد. 6– ادراک در انسان به ادراک حسی محدود نیست و علاوه بر آن از ادراک شهودی، نقلی، وحیانی و عقلی نیز برخودار است؛ بلکه ادراکهای شهودی و عقلی پایه دیگر ادراکات حتی ادراکهای حسی هستند.
Introduction: We often articulate such sentences as, sky is blue,
fire is very hot, ice is cold and so on. If someone asks how we really
obtain these cognitive experiences as conscious matters, the answer
appears to be simple even trivial. Because we see the sky, sense the
temperature or the flame and ice, and tase the honey. In other words,
such experiences obtained through senses. But the problem is not as
simple as appears at first glance. That is ,in fact, the problem
popularized under the title of perception. Then the question is, How
perception psychologically occurs for us as human beings? What is
Islamic views referring to the phenomenon? Aiming to examine the
subject, we studied “sensation and perception in psychology in
comparison to viewpoints of Mulla Sadra: nature, processes and
extension. To do so, at first, we have referred to recent psychological
sources on sensation and perception as Goldstein E (2017), Kalat
(2017) and Atkinson & Hilgard (2009) and gathered up the last
psychological views about the subject matter. Then the main books of
Mullasadra such as Asfar, Mafatiholgheib and Shavahedorobobeia
were searched and the author’s viewpoints on sensation and
perception collected.
Method of Study: Content analysis is a research tool used to
determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within
some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis,
researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and
relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. Using
content analytical method, the following collusions obtained.
Findings: 1- Majority of psychologists believe that perception even
its last steps, i.e. conscious cognitive experience is the same cerebral
activities; 2- Perception occurs in seven steps ranging from facing an
external stimulus to transformation of it into conscious experience,
and finally doing appropriate behavior; 3- Perception is limited to
sensory perception and there are no other types of perception for
human beings; 4- In the contrast, according to Mullasadra, perception
is restricted to the soul which is nonmaterial essence and physical
stuffs including brain and its activities are not capable to produce
conscious experience. Perception is creation of a mental form by the
soul in accordance to the changes happened in the brain. The created
form is the fact that perceived by soul, not a part of the body as brain;
5- Sensory perception takes place in five steps from facing external
stimulus to creating a mental form by soul and its interpretation and
analysis; 6- Perception in human beings is not limited to sensory ones,
furthermore there are intuitive , narrative and rational perceptions. Not
only is there rational perception, but also it is the basis for
development of other types of perceptions.
Conclusion: Perception happens into two general stages: first is
what occurs in the cerebral system as physical basis for the process,
including entrance of light into the eyes, formation of reticular picture,
electrochemical transformations and transmitting neural massages to
the perception foci in the brain. According to psychologists in
particular biopsychologists such as James Kalat and others, these
processes equal the very perception and conscious experience. Based
on Islamic sources especially viewpoints of Mulla Sadra, however,
these are the only prerequisites for sensation and perception.
Perception happens as second general stage, not in the brain but for
another, fundamental component of the organism, which is
nonmartial, the soul. Soul is the essence which conceives the changes
in its body and transforms them into a special state that we call it
perception. In fact, it is a miraculous matter that we couldn’t explore
its mystery up to now.