Abstract:
واقعگرایی ساختاری از دیدگاههای تاثیرگذار در فلسفهی علم معاصر است که در میان بسیاری از فیلسوفان علم واقعگرا مورد اقبال واقع شده است. این دیدگاه به شکلی سامانیافته از سوی جان ورال معرفی شده و دیگران آن را گسترش دادهاند. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی نسبت میان شکلگیری دیدگاه واقعگرایی ساختاری و دیدگاههای پراکندهی فیزیکدانان درباره واقعنمایی نظریههای علمی است و به این پرسش میپردازد که چگونه ساختارگرایی جان ورال بر زمینهای از دیدگاههای فیزیکدانان دربارهی واقعیت فیزیکی و واقعنمایی نظریههای علمی شکل گرفته است؟ پس از بررسی دیدگاه جان ورال و نیز آرای شماری از فیزیکدانان برجسته در باب واقعنما بودن نظریههای علمی و شرح دو رویکرد مهم در تقابل میان آنها، نشان داده شد که ورال از خلال رویکرد ساختارگرایانهی هانری پوانکاره که به شکل روشنتری سامان یافته بود، به نظریهی واقعگرایی ساختاریاش دست یافته،و نخستین کسی بود که جوهرهی اندیشهی پوانکاره را دریافته و سپس آن را به شکلی فنیتر و فلسفیتر پرورش داده است. همچنین میتوان نتیجه گرفت که برخلاف دیدگاه معمول، که در بسیاری موارد پنداشته میشود نظریههای فلسفی از مناقشات میان فیلسوفان سر برمیآورند، در این مورد میتوان به روشنی دید که نظریهی واقعگرایی ساختاری جان ورال ریشه در مناقشات فلسفی میان فیزیکدانان دارد.
Introduction: Structural realism is one of the influential views in
the contemporary philosophy of science that has been welcomed by
many realist philosophers of science. John Worrall systematically
introduced this view, and others have developed it. The aim of this
study is the investigation the relationship between the formation of the
structural realism view and the diverse views of physicists regarding
how reality is represented in scientific theories. In addition, it
addresses the question of how John Worrall's structuralism developed
from physicists' views on physical reality and the representation of
reality in scientific theories.
Method of Study: The method of this article is conceptual
analysis. In this article, we first deal with some cases of the history of
physics and quote the opinions of some famous physicists about the
realism or antirealism of scientific theories. In examining their
comments, we will show how the two different approaches to
scientific theories have been and how they have moved together .
Findings: It can be considered that, contrary to the ordinary view,
which in many cases is assumed that philosophical theories emerge
from controversy among philosophers, in this case, it can be seen that
John Worrall's theory of structural realism is rooted in philosophical
controversies among physicists. Through the comments of Henri
Poincare, John Worrall reached a solid and well-considered view of
the realism of scientific theories, with which one can even answer
some of the problems expressed in antirealism about scientific
theories, especially the argument that Larry Laudan has made so clear
and orderly, and even beyond that, we can absorb some antirealistic
views in structuralism. The two famous arguments that he tries to
incorporate into his theory are the «No-miracle argument» and
«Pessimistic meta-induction», which we will partially address in this
article. He chooses the path between the two views to introduce his
structuralist view which, in his opinion, is well compatible with both
of these arguments, and as a result, he wants to show that it is possible
to remain realistic about scientific theories, in this sense that we can
still maintain the claim that scientific theories inform about reality and
show us the reality of the world, but in terms of structure. In summary,
we will reach the following conclusions from the review of the
opinions of some well-known physicists in the history of physics, as
well as a more detailed review of the opinions of Henri Poincare and
John Worrall.
Conclusion: Contrary to the common view, which is considered in
many cases, philosophical theories arise from disputes among
philosophers, John Worrall's theory of structural realism is rooted in
philosophical disputes among physicists; in the sense that the
emergence of structural realism arose from a historical context, and
had roots in the thoughts of some physicists, including Maxwell,
Hertz, Boltzmann. The thoughts of these prominent physicists
progressed step by step and led to the emergence of an implicit
attitude about structuralism, which was more clearly expressed in
Henri Poincare, and then John Worrall, inspired by these ideas and
especially influenced by the view Poincare introduced his structural
realism more coherently and showed that the continuity that we need
in the changes and instability of scientific theories to achieve scientific
realism must be found at the level of structures. By introducing
structural realism, he reconciled two important arguments that did not
seem to be easily compatible with each other, emphasizing continuity
in the structure of scientific theories rather than continuity in content,
and showed that there is continuity in the great body of science.