Abstract:
هر جامعه مجموعهای از گروههای متعدد با منافع متفاوت و گاه متضاد است که حرکت آنها و جمع جبری تمایلاتشان باعث جهتدهی به دولت میشود. توضیح ساخت دولت ایالاتمتحده بر پایه گروههای نفوذ، یکی از مسائل بنیادی در شناخت نحوه عملکرد نظام سیاسی این کشور است و برای مداخله در تصمیمسازی و تغییر نگرشهای عملیاتی آن ضروری است. از همین رو سؤال اصلی این نوشتار، چرایی اهمیت گروههای نفوذ در ساخت سیاسی دولت آمریکاست. این نوشتار، چرایی اهمیت گروه را بر اساس نظریه «آرتور بنتلی» با روش کیفی به شیوه علی و راهبرد پژوهش قیاسی توضیح میدهد. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد گروههای ذینفوذ مهمترین واحد در تحلیل امور و روند سیاسی هستند. کنش گروهی در روابط میان گروهها، روندی دائماً متغیر و دینامیک است که در آن نیروهای اجتماعی برای فشار آوردن به دولت برای اجرای خواستههایشان تلاش میکنند. هیچ بخشی از حکومت در عرصه واقعی سیاست مصون از فشار گروههای مختلف نیست و این امر شامل دستگاه قضایی و دادگاهها نیز میشود. ازاینرو، با داشتن درک صحیح از چگونگی عملکرد گروههای ذینفوذ میتوان نحوه اداره جامعه و ساخت سیاست را در ایالاتمتحده درک کرد که شامل سیاست خارجی نیز میشود.
Explaining the construction of the United States policy based on influence groups is one of the fundamental issues in understanding the functioning of the political system of this country, and it is necessary to intervene in decision-making and change its operational attitudes. This article explains the importance of the group in American politics based on the theory of "Arthur Bentley". Therefore, American society and political system should be analyzed based on the group. Influential groups are the most important unit in the analysis of political affairs and processes. Group action in relations between groups is a constantly changing and dynamic process in which social forces try to pressure the government to implement their demands. Every society is a collection of many groups with different and sometimes conflicting interests, whose movements and the sum total of their tendencies give direction to the government. No part of the government in the real world of politics is immune from the pressure of different groups, and this includes the judicial system and courts. Therefore, by having a correct understanding of how influential groups work, one can understand how society is run and policy-making in the United States, which includes foreign policy. In order to answer the main question of the article, after a brief explanation about Bentley and the most important book in which he expressed his opinions about influence groups, his views on why influential groups are important in the United States political system are explained. At the end, the criticisms of this type of view on the political construction of the United States will be examined and the result of this theoretical research will be presented.Different groups or more precisely, "influence groups" shape and manage all the elements of this policy. The change of the political structure and the direction of internal and external policies are also with these groups. In fact, the structure and performance of political institutions in a country have profound effects on the development of influential groups that the institutions are designed to influence. Therefore, influence groups have specific political interests that are organized with the aim of influencing the laws and policies of the government and they try to get political authorities to pass laws that are compatible with the interests of influence groups; For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "advocate groups". Attributing such importance to influence groups makes it necessary to explain why this importance and the function of these groups in making policy in the United States. This topic forms the main structure of this article. The correct understanding of the internal dynamism of politics in the United States is based on the correct understanding of this issue, and it is necessary to understand this process in order to change the internal policy of the United States. Thus, the main work of "Bentley" appeared in the early 20th century. His book "Political Process" was literally the starting point of three currents, which are: group theory and pluralism, the study of political process and political systems, quantitative positivist political analysis, and the behavioral science of politics. Because Bentley was the first to theorize groups and trends systematically from a political perspective. He also raised questions for the first time; including how politics, political decision-making, and the implementation of political decisions depend on groups, what actors are like in processes that conflict with formal institutions, and how democracy is possible in an age of group dominance.A group is a way of political behavior in which many people participate. In his view, laws and even the government are considered a political act. He was against the traditional distinction between government and government and even between law and government. According to him, the concept of a continuous government beyond the current government in the borders of the land exists only in the mind and causes incorrect analysis.