Machine summary:
''6 It is striking that in his definition of the "milla" and "umma" at-Tahtawi omits the term "ash-sha'b ": "The 'milla' is in political usage as the 'jins,' a community ot men who reside in one land, speak the same language, have one character and uniform customs, and are subject to one law and one state.
"21 Like at-Tahtawi, al-Kawakibi was reluctant to use the term "ash-sha'b" for "the people".
'' 25 Dr. Adams in his discussion of Muhammad 'Abdu's association with al• Afghani in publishing the journal al-tUriua al-Wuthqa summarizes the article "al-umma wa sulta al-hakim al-mustabidd" of August 14, 1884: "When any Muslim country is under the sway of a tyrannical ruler, whose will is law and whose course of action is bringing disaster to the country, it is the right of the people to free themselves from such a ruler, lest the whole Islamic Community become corrupted by his example.
As regards' Abdu's usage of "ash-sha'ab" in the sense of "the people;' he, like al-Kawakibi, almost always does not use it, preferring "al-aha.
'' 37 In contrast to at-Tahtawi, al-Kawakibi, and 'Abdu, Mustafa Kamil ex• tensively used the term "ash-sha'ab '' in his writings.
but as the cause for eliminating all instincts of separate identity and competition among groups and individuals and for absorbing them all into the great shapelessmass mystically known to the Arab nationalist press as "al-Sha'b ", List of Works cited Anwar Arab Nationalism ad-Durar Haim Kamil Kerr Lane Manahij Marsafi Mitrshi"d al-Mushir Nuseibeh Rafi'i Steppat Taba'i' Ta'rtkb at-Tahtawi, Anwiir Tawfiq al-Jalil, Cairo, 1868.