Machine summary:
dear and definite meaning, no real distinction can be drawn in Persia between these two kinds of human settle• ments : as regards their outward appearance, a Persian city differs from a village chiefly by its size and the greater number of its inhabitants.
Generally speaking, water is brought into cities in two clifferent manners : either the water of mountain• streams is diverted into shallow and narrow open ditches as those just described> or else more complicated sub• terranean aqueducts are constructed for this purpose, known under the Arabic name of qanai in Persia proper, and the Persian term of kariz in Turkestan and in the Eastern parts of the Iranian tableland.
The shops are mostly assorted according to specialities ; we thus find passages of : shoemakers (kafshduzan), hatters (kulahduzan), jewellers (javahiriyan), booksellers (kitabfuritshan), glassware merchants (bulurfu• rushan), coppersmiths (misgaran), grocers (baqqalha), carpet-merchants (qalifurushan), other parts of the bazar are occupied by merchants according to their confessions: the Guebres (Zoroastrians) trade in silks of Persian make and in haberdashery of Anglo-Indian origin; the Armeni• ans again have their shops concentrated in one part of the bazar which deal in haberdashery of English, Russian and, in later years, also German origin; finally the Jewish part of the bozar which constitutes a kind of " ghetto " (mahalla-i yahudiha or simply mahallas, where every kind of stores can be found, where the richest jewellers of the city live and trade, but which is generally the dirtiest part of the whole bazar.