Machine summary:
the Islamic ideology there, while the second half deals with subjects like "The Problem of Muslim Nation• alism", "The Modernist Movement in Egypt", "Iran and the Unity of the Muslim World", and a short paper on what the author, Sir Zafrulla Khan, calls "The Inter-relation of Religion and Government in Pakistan".
But in the Essays under review Islam is discussed not so much as a way of life as a national religion of the Arabs who domi• nated both the political and social aspects of its development, the fundamental principles of Islam which emphasize individual responsi• bility and life after death being discussed only in relation to material life.
What culture means to Islam is something else than the aspects of civilizations which entered the material life of Islam allowed continuance of the co-existence of the rival nationalities in one empire, but Prof.
Grunebaum's objection to this kind of co-existence is beside the point, because Islam is a fraternity of people joined together to live under a common ideology and therefore its international, political and social system is subsidiary to its main concept of culture.
Grunebaum therefore does not interpret Islam correctly when he says "the common religion was unable to prevent the caliphal Empire from dissolving and to prevent that dissolut!o~ from foll~~ing lar~ely national lines.
Grunebaum rightly says, "It was due to the increasingly narrow interpretation of the Islamic ideal, that had early become the vested interest of a class of Jurist--Theologi• ans, that the whole Muslim life was stereotyped.