Machine summary:
The Turks, Afghans and Mughals who, obsessed by religious passions, realised 'Jizya ' from non• Muslims, were ruthless in exacting ten-fold taxes from Muslims and non-Muslims ; but in the Islamic system of government, kept alive by the Arabs for a long time, there were only two kinds of taxes, Zakat (the 40th part of the net income) and 'Ashr (one tenth of the gross produce), from Muslims, and 'Jizya' (poll-tax) and tributes from non-Muslims, Islam classified all the people of the world into four divisions :- (1) Muslims, (2) Believers in a revealed book (Ahlu'l• kitab i.
) In Chach-Namah, the Persian translation of the oldest Arabic history of Sind, it is recorded ; " Muhammad bin Qasim accepted the petition of the people of Barhman• abad (Sind) and allowed them to live in the Islamic gov• ernment of Sind in the same capacity in which the Jews, Christians and Parsis of 'Iraq and Syria live.
"1 The highest building in Daibal, the first place in Sind "invaded by the Arabs, was the idol-house of the Buddhists.
Arab travellers have fully described this idol-house of Multan.
The exact record of the person sent to India is, perhaps, not preserved; but lbn Nadim, who wrote his book seventy or eighty years after, quotes from a document written by Ya 'qfib bin Ishaq Kindi, the famous Arab philosopher.
The description of the religious condition of India as given by Arab travellers includes mostly an account of some of the idol-houses of Multan and Sind.