Machine summary:
The literary works of Khwajah Mahmud Gawan are among the finest Persian writings: and there are many other Persian writers of the Deccan who must be named in any general account of the literature of India.
Among the services rendered by Hyderabad to Urdu literature, I must mention two great works T amaddun-i-Hind and Tamaddun-i-'Arab, which are translations from the French works of Le Bon by Sayed Husain 'Ali Bilgrami, a member of a family renowned and revered among the people for its public services .
To-day in the curriculum of the Osmania University, every subject is taught in Urdu by competent professors on most modern lines ; and to meet the require· ments of this higher education, standard works from various languages have been translated into Urdu, and a Translation Bureau constituted for that special purpose which is still busily supplying the needs of the University and at the same time producing a number of books in Urdu of use to the general public of India.
It is noted in the account of Daulatabad fort that in the days of the Nizam Shahi monarchs there was a custom that whenever the king ap• peared in public two spearmen used to play before him and this was regarded as the public salutation to the monarch; and whenever any plaintiff appeared with any complaint against anyone at the royal court then both the complainant and respondent were ordered to fight with swords to try their luck; whichever of them struck the first blow on his enemy had judgment given in his favour.