چکیده:
در ﻗﺮن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ، ﻧﻘﺪ ارزش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﭘﺎراداﻳﻢ دوارزﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮی اﻧﮕﺎرة ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ از اﺻﻞ ﻃﺮد ﺷﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ و ﭘﻴﺪاﻳﺶ دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷـﻲ و ﻓﺎزی اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ. اﻳﻦ اﻧﮕﺎره در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻞ ﻃﺮد ﺷﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ در ﻛﻨﺎر دو اﺻﻞ اﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎﻧﻲ و اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ از اﺻﻮل اوﻟﻲ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷـﺪ و ﺗﺨﻄّـﻲ از ﻫـﺮ ﻳـﻚ از آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ، ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ از دو اﺻﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻮد. اﻣـﺎ آﻳـﺎ ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ از اﺻﻮل اﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎﻧﻲ و اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ؟ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻـﻮرت ادﻋـﺎی ﻣﺪاﻓﻌﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻖﻫﺎی ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ و ﻓﺎزی ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ از اﺻﻞ ﻃﺮد ﺷـﻖ ﺛﺎﻟـﺚ ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؟ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻮرتﺑﻨﺪیﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺻﻮل ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮق ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﻲ زﺑﺎن دودوﻳﻲ در ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪهﻫـﺎ و ﻟـﺰوم ﺗﺄﺳـﻴﺲ زﺑـﺎنﻫـﺎی ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ و ﻓﺎزی ﺑﺮای ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ اوﻻ اﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﺎدﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ارﺳﻄﻮ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻔﺼﻞ و ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ از دو اﺻﻞ اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨـﺎﻗﺾ و ﻃـﺮد ﺷـﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ و از ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬاران ﻣﻨﻄﻖ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ اﻳﻦ اﺻﻮل اﺳﺖ اﻣﻜﺎن اﺑﻬﺎم در ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ وﺟﻮد ارزشﻫﺎی ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ »ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺻﺎدق« و»ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﺎذب« را ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ارزش ﮔﺰارهﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه وی در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ و در ﻣﻮاردی ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن دودوﻳﻲ در ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣﻮادث را ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻘﺪ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖﻃﺮد ﺷﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ، اﻳﻦﻫﻤـﺎﻧﻲ، اﻣﺘﻨـﺎع ﺗﻨـﺎﻗﺾ، دوارزﺷـﻲ، ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷـﻲ، ﻓﺎزی، ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺻﺎدق، ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﺎذب
The philosophical critiques, in twentieth century, on binary paradigm
caused the negation of the law of excluded middle as the same as it caused
the establishment of many-valued logics and fuzzy logic, while the laws of
excluded middle, identity and contradiction are all fundamental principles
of thought and truth or falsity of each is derived from the truth or falsity
of the others. This view point gives rise to some questions as follows: Can
we deny these principles and are they fundamental? Otherwise how can
we accept the claim of many-valued and fuzzy logicians indicate the
negation of the law of excluded middle? Regarding these questions I first
show, in this paper, various formulations of those three above laws and
then I argue that the inability of binary logic and the necessity of
establishment of many-valued logics and fuzzy logic are not in contrary to
those three above laws. Besides, it is the connection of the present paper
that Aristotle as the first philosopher who has elucidates the laws of
contradiction and excluded middle was quite aware of the possibility of
ambiguous in some propositions if they contain words which are
equivocal. He also appealed to the truth values of both "partially true" and
"partially false" to describe those propositions which at some level are
vague.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اﻣـﺎ آﻳـﺎ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ از اﺻﻮل اﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎﻧﻲ و اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ؟ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻـﻮرت ادﻋـﺎی ﻣﺪاﻓﻌﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻖﻫﺎی ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ و ﻓﺎزی ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ از اﺻﻞ ﻃﺮد ﺷـﻖ ﺛﺎﻟـﺚ ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؟ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻮرتﺑﻨﺪیﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺻﻮل ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮق ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﻲ زﺑﺎن دودوﻳﻲ در ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪهﻫـﺎ و ﻟـﺰوم ﺗﺄﺳـﻴﺲ زﺑـﺎنﻫـﺎی ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ و ﻓﺎزی ﺑﺮای ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ اوﻻ اﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﺎدﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ارﺳﻄﻮ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻔﺼﻞ و ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ از دو اﺻﻞ اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨـﺎﻗﺾ و ﻃـﺮد ﺷـﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ و از ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬاران ﻣﻨﻄﻖ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ اﻳﻦ اﺻﻮل اﺳﺖ اﻣﻜﺎن اﺑﻬﺎم در ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ وﺟﻮد ارزشﻫﺎی ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ »ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺻﺎدق« و»ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﺎذب« را ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ارزش ﮔﺰارهﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ.
اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼزم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ دو اﺻﻞ اﻳﻦﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ و اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ، آﻳـﺎ اﻳـﻦ اﺻﻮل ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺨﻄﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮدﻳﺪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ؟ آﻳﺎ اﺻﻞ ﻃﺮد ﺷﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ در ﻣﻨﻄﻖﻫﺎی ﭼﻨﺪارزﺷﻲ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؟ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻮرتﺑﻨﺪیﻫﺎی وﺟﻮدﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ و روانﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺻﻮل ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺗﻔـﺎوت ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ: اﻟﻒ( ﺻﻮرتﺑﻨﺪی وﺟﻮدﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺻﻞ اﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎﻧﻲ: ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﺎن ﭼﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ.