خلاصه ماشینی:
"Production Sharing (Drucker 1977; Feenstra and Taylor 2008) Thus, international outsourcing can be explained by intermediate goods imports from a foreign country.
While little if any of this business or technological competency is likely to be indigenous to the “host” developing countries, it is clear enough that GVCs have boosted employment, enabled increased specialization and larger scale production, driven more efficient geographical allocation of industrial activities, and increased the availability of a variety of intermediate goods in the developing world.
Trends in intermediate goods trade are indicative of GVC formation because fragmented production processes require that parts, components, and partially manufactured subassemblies cross borders— sometimes more than once—before final goods are produced and shipped to final markets (Feenstra, 1998; Arndt and Kierzkowski, 2001).
A group of data using novel classifications for final and intermediate goods trade, overall; and in three industries oft-cited as being at the forefront of global economic integration has been used: 1) electronics, 2) automobiles and motorcycles, and 3) apparel and footwear.
Table 3: Number of SITC Five Digits Codes and Data for three Industries in Period 1992-2011 رجوع شود به تصویر صفحه Source: Authors Figure 3 shows share of intermediate imports of Iran in these three industries to total imports in three industries from China (SIM).
Table 5 shows statistical characteristics of imports, exports and total trade volume in intermediate and final goods between Iran and China in the period 1992-2011.
It means that imports, exports and total trade in intermediate goods between Iran and China have been more volatile than in final goods."