چکیده:
The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. As can be seen from the differing assessment of instrument types for environmental protection, one of the important factors for the relationship between environmental protection and economic competitiveness are regulatory stringency and efficiency. This concerns e.g. performance versus ambient standards, sale technology versus clean technology/clean production, process change versus demand side measures, legislation versus economic instruments. The model based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model and I focus on the issue of whether environmental regulations influence patterns of the nine Mediterranean developed countries region’s international trade over 2000–2013. The results indicate that more environmental policy stringency in the region decrease net exports.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"There are two major competing hypotheses in the comparative advantage literature: one hypothesis predicts that regions with relatively weak environmental policy will specialize in dirty production industry while the other hypothesis predicts that environmental policy has little or no effect on the trade patterns, instead standard factors, such as differences in factor endowments or technology and determine trade (see Copeland and Taylor, 2003).
Following earlier studies on shifting patterns of international trade by Leamer(1984) and Bowen (1983), Tobey employs a cross section Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model to test the hypothesis that the stringency of environmental policies is directly related to the exports of pollution intensive commodities.
Tobey also tests the impact of environmental policy on trade patterns by investigating the bias in the regression residuals when the variables representing countries’ environmental endowments are not included in the HOV model.
The exception is iron and steel products, where a negative and statistically significant link is established, implying that higher compliance with international treaties and conventions and more stringent regulations are - This study based on a Hecksher-Ohlin model used comprehensive new database for environmental regulations across 119 countries and five-high polluting industries.
Evidence based on the pollution-intensity of trade does not seem to support the perception that developing countries are gaining a comparative advantage in pollution intensive production because of lax environmental regulations.
Lw. 5- Our Model I estimate the following regression across countries: Net Exportsit = α + βVit + γESIit + μ GDPPit + µt+ øi (8) where V is a vector of country-specific factor endowments, ESI is an index of environmental regulation stringency and GDP per capita."