چکیده:
In Iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during Pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. Historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in Iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. This essay was aimed to critically investigate rural development plans before and after the Iranian Revolution. To do so, based on a library study, construction programs before the Revolution since 1941 and after the Revolution were examined in development plans. The results indicated that, before the Revolution, rural construction plans were centralized and top-down, lacked indigenous studies and sociological attitude, and had technical attitude toward rural issues. After the Revolution, first, a kind of increasing participation was experienced in the form of social mobilization, influenced by the transformations occurring at the macro level of society. There was no sign of bureaucracy in this period; but, gradually, following the transformations, the participation model again took the guided-from-the-outside form. In general, in the five-year post-revolution development planning, deviation from the execution of approved plan, limitation to some executive measures, and executing previous projects despite content changes have been evident. Rural development plans do not have sufficient budgetary allocations, are not written according to the pathology of previous plans, and no organization or institution accounts for their lack of execution. In other words, lack of access to the goals does not bind the approvers. More details are discussed below.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"In general terms, rural development is a multi-dimensional process, the object of which is to improve and enhance lifestyle of the poor and vulnerable classes of rural society; a process which employs mechanisms such as planning, organizing, enhancing individual and collective self-reliance, and providing appropriate transformation in social and intellectual structures of peasants to reinforce their power, capability, and authority in terms of using available features and resources so that they could change their present situation to a more favorable one.
The general policies communicated in the third development plan were as follows: Trying to maintain the purchasing power of low-income groups; providing bases for occupation and encouraging investment and entrepreneurship in agriculture; processing industries, and small- and medium-sized workhouses; attempting to develop and construct villages and paying special attention to peasants' livelihood; providing food security and self-sufficiency in essential commodities by increasing domestic production, especially agriculture; deepening spirit of cooperation and public participation; town and country planning based on the principles of economic efficiency; and eliminating limits, especially in rural areas (Shakouri, 2012: 186).
Moreover, some years after the approval of the act requiring the government to appoint a policy-making, planning, and supervising authority for balanced rural development within three 6 months by Islamic Parliament of Iran and the emphasis for forming a cross-divisional structure for coordinated management of rural and nomadic development, 2010 and 2011 budget acts still had a sectional approach to rural development and management, plans relating to rural construction and services were scattered among various chapters and ministries, and no budgeting was considered for the formation of the mentioned cross-sectional structure."