چکیده:
ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ و رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﺮای ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﭼﺮاﯾﯽ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ رﺧﺪاد اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﻪﮐﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫـﺎی ﯾـﻮرﮔﻦ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣـﺎس، ﺑـﺎ وﺟـﻮد ﮐـﺎراﯾﯽ و ﮔﻮﯾـﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﺮاوان، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮردﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. از دﯾﺪ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎس در رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮزه اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﯿﺎﺳـﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ- ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺤﺮان اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯿﺖ، ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ و اﻧﮕﯿﺰش را ﻣﯽ ﺗـﻮان ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻤـﻮد. رخ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ داری ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﮔﺮ ﺳﺴﺘﯽ و ﻧﺎﺑﻮدی آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮآن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎرﺑﺴﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ، ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺳـﺮﻧﮕﻮﻧﯽ رژﯾـﻢ ﭘﻬﻠﻮی و ﺑﺮآﻣﺪن اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳﻼﻣﯽ را ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. از دﯾﺪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن، رژﯾﻢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ داراﻧﻪ ﭘﻬﻠﻮی دﭼـﺎر ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﮐﺎرآﻣﺪی ﻋﺎم در ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﻮد ﺑﻮده و ﻫﺮ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺤـﺮان ﻣـﻮردﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣـﺎس، ﺑـﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺑﺤﺮان ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ ﻓﺮاﻣﺎدی و ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدی(، در آن دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. از دﯾﮕﺮﺳﻮ، ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ در ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ اﻣﺎم ﺧﻤﯿﻨﯽ، در راﺑﻄﻪ دﮔﺮﺳﺎزاﻧﻪ و ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﺎزاﻧﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﭘﻬﻠﻮی، ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎن دادن ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ و اﻋﺘﺒﺎر، ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ از ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺎن و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ را ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﺪی ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﮐﮋ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎ و ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫﺎی رژﯾﻢ ﭘﻬﻠﻮی را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داده و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﮋﻣﻮن دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.
The Islamic revolution of Iran is the biggest revolution and social evolution of the Muslim world in the contemporary world. There have been many theories and analyzing approaches applied for explaining the manner and reason of the occurrence of this revolution. However، the crisis theory of Jürgen Habermas is an approach which besides its efficiency and expressiveness has not been considered so much. From Habermas’ viewpoint، in the relations among the three economic،
political and socio-cultural domains، the four economic، rational، legitimation، and motivation crises can be recognized. The appearance of these crises in a structure، especially the current framework of capitalism، can be a sign of its weakness and destroying. This writing tries to explain the manner of the Pahlavi’s overthrow and the rise of the Islamic revolution through this theory. From the writer's view، Pahlavi's semi-capitalist regime had a general inefficiency in different aspects of its
structure and all the four crises mentioned by Habermas، especially the legitimacy crisis (trans-material and applicable) are seen in it. On the other hand، the discourse of the Islamic revolution in Imam Khomeini’s reading، and its other-making and antagonistic relation with Pahlavi’s discourse، could articulate a system of significations and concepts through showing the highest level of availability and credibility. This covers the malfunctions and crises of Pahlavi’s regime and reaches the position of a hegemon discourse