چکیده:
What most philosophical socialists claim, can be translated into philosophical language in term of considering individuals as the “matter” and society as the “form”, which result in a factual complex, called society. Therefore, they regard society as enjoying an objective existence and a real unity. This article studies arguments for the objectivity of society from collective spirit, objectivity of social phenomenon, social determinism, and society’s resistance in the face of change despite our will, and criticizes them as flawed. It shows that all such arguments only prove a reciprocal influence between different individuals living in a society, and not an objective and independent existence for society. The author extends the critique to the idea of man having two “selves”: natural and collective, by reminding the simplicity and unity of the human soul.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"ir/node/4689 Philosophically speaking, many socialists claim that a real compound called "society" comes to existence as a result of individuals’ gathering, a compound that naturally has some properties and effects which no individual has.
One who tries to practically act against the law or public opinion is, in fact, waging war against the ideas and opinions, emotions, and desires of the majority people, and because there is no one who is strong enough to stand against a group of weaker individuals, a nonconformist maverick, in most cases, returns to the path that others approve of sooner or later, whether it is right or wrong.
The majority attempt to generalize their social policies and make the policy of their opponents die out, but there exist no living entity named "society" which can through its supernatural power break the individual will of all human beings and direct them towards the one direction which it likes.
In fact, man lives two lives with two souls, and two "I’s": first, is the natural human life with the soul and "I", which brings into existence the trans-substantial motions of nature, and second, the collective life with the soul and "I", which is the outcome of social life and is incarnated into the individual "I".
However, all this does not mean that attachment to a group, community, nation, religion or culture causes a true spirit to be incarnated into man and gives him two kinds of souls: an individual one and a collective one."