چکیده:
مخاطرات طبیعی یک چالش عمده در نـواحی روسـتایی اسـت و کنتـرل آن در روسـتا از اهمیـت زیـادی برخوردار است . با توجه به این مسئله هنوز عرصه های روسـتایی کشـور از یـک مـدیریت فراگیـر بحـران برخوردار نبوده و سالیانه تعداد زیادی از ساکنان نواحی روستایی کشور در اثر سوانح طبیعـی و غیرطبیعـی دچار خسارات و تلفات جانی و مالی میشوند. روستاها و اهالی آن به عنوان پایه اصلی در مدیریت بحران با دانش و آگاهی، پیش بینـی، آمـادگی و بازسـازی مناسـب ، نقـش جـدی در کـاهش خسـارات و تلفـات مخاطرات خواهند داشت . پژوهش حاضر در بهار ١٣٩٥، با هدف سنجش سطح دانش و آگاهی روسـتاییان درباره مدیریت بحران خشکسالی انجام شد. برای رسیدن بـه هـدف پـژوهش از روش شناسـی توصـیفی- تحلیلی از طریق شیوه مطالعه اسنادی و پیمایشی (پرسشـنامه محقـق سـاخته ) اسـتفاده شـد. جامعـه آمـاری پژوهش را ٢٦٠ نفر از خانوارهای روستایی دهستان میان خواف شهرستان خواف تشکیل داده اند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای با ابزار پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بر اساس شاخص ها و مولفه های ابعاد ٤ گانه دانش مدیریت بحران خشکسالی از ادبیات نظری استفاده شد. پایایی ابزار انـدازه گیـری بـا محاسـبه ضـریب آلفـای کرونبـاخ (٠,٧٨٤)، تایید شد. نتایج و یافته های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که خانوارهای روسـتایی نمونـه در برخـورداری از مولفه های ابعاد چهارگانه دانش مدیریت بحران و در کل دانش روستاییان درباره مدیریت بحران خشکسالی، پایین تـر از سطح مطلوب میانگین عددی ٣ قرار دارند. همچنین با استفاده از مدل اولویت بندی کوپراس ، بـین روسـتاهای مـورد مطالعه در خصوص برخورداری از دانش مدیریت بحران خشکسالی رتبه بنـدی انجـام گرفـت کـه روسـتای فاینـدر بـا بیشترین امتیاز در رتبه اول و روستای وراب در رتبه دوم و روستای مهاباد در پایین ترین رتبه قرار دارند
IntroductionDoubtless، rural development is a multiple concept and has different dimensionsincludingeconomic، social and cultural (Ghadiri masoum، 2012: 2)and for getting to sustainable rural development considering all environmental، social، cultural، economic، physical، institutional، and managing aspectsis needed(Afrakhteh، 2012: 40). Meanwhile، attending to disasters and crisis that permanently create sudden changes and alterations in rural area is one of the main issues and problems of rural development. Crisis happening affect all parameters of sustainable development;therefore، crisis management has been counted as an essential step of sustainabledevelopment (Firoozi and et al، 2011: 97). In recent years، so many of rural communitiesin our country havefaced withclimaticchanges like earth warming and drought that cause agricultural damages، income decreasing، unemployment، and migration from rural to urban areas for finding job opportunities، or from anoptimistic viewpoint،changing the cultivation and production patternsthat need less irrigation and had increased rural vulnerability and unsustainability against disasters. Necessity of attending to disasters is the undeniable duty of crisis management organizations and foundations. Since the disasters and crisis usually causeto heavy and severe damage in vulnerable environments، in rural settlementswhichare counted as disastrous places، crisisand disasters haveheavy and wide damages (Riahi and et al، 2013: 2). Crisis management، as a practical and scientificexpertise،requiresskills، tools، and different factors whichawareness and knowledge are twoimportant requirements of them. Since in drought crisis، rural communities use different strategies for coping with disasters effects، and based on scientific studies، tact and intelligence chiefs in crisis is only possible through gaining knowledge، this study tries to measure and analyze the rural communities’ awareness and knowledge about drought crisis management a rural area inKhaf township. In this regard، the aims question of this researchis that: how much is the knowledge and awareness of villagers about drought crisis management in case study area?
Material and MethodsThe present study has adescriptive-analyticalapproach and tries to examine and assessing the level of awareness and knowledge among rural householdsaboutdrought risk management in middle Khaf rural districtof Khaf township.This study include twomainsteps: 1) determining the index and indicators formeasuring the crisis management awareness and knowledge among rural people that had been done through archival research، and 2) a field study based on a survey method and collecting datathrough questionnaire. This researchermade questionnaire contains 64 items withfourdimensionsabout different aspect of crisis managements that were extracted from theoretical research frameworks. After designing thequestionnaire، gathereddata from 13 rural point as a case study area were analyzed bySPSS. There are 15 rural points invillage case study that two villages have less than20 households and wereexcludedfrom study. The sample size was chosenby Cochran formula and 260 rural households had been determined as the sample size.
Middle Khaf Dehestanliesin central district of Khaf township in Khorasan Razavi province and according to the general population census in 2011، thepopulationwas estimated to be 8537 with 1991 householdsin 15 rural points. This Dehestan is located ineast and northern east ofTaybad Township and southof KhafTownship. Its height above sea level ranges from950 to 1270 meters. Average rainfall in KhafTownship is around 142.2 mm، which is about 83 percent far from world average rainfall،and 35percent from Iran’s average rainfall. Its weather is hyper dry، based on Demarton climatic classification. This Dehestanlike other parts of Khaf Townshiphasfaced withdrought and every year experience many social and economic losses and damagesfrom that.
Results and DiscussionAfter gathering data،statistical methods and examinations had been usedfor dataanalyzing. In first step for analyzing and identifying the current situation of rural awareness about drought crisis management T-test statistical test was used. Based on the gainedresults، awareness and knowledge of rural community about drought management is lowerthan moderate mean (3) in the case study area، especially in twoimportant indicators- resources، namely،reaction provisionand incomereplacement،which werelower than other indicators too. This pointindicates the need to payserious attention to educating therural people as an initial loop during the eventand crisis occurrence and reconstruction. The following results were also gained:
• The average of Knowledge and awareness about drought crisis management is generally 2.41 and 2.54 for individuals aged less than 30 years old and over 30 years old. It means that old people are more aware about drought in compare to youngest people.
• The average of crisis management awareness and knowledge for different job، including thefarmers، ranchers، employees، students، and others are 2.43، 2.40، 2.38، 2.37 and 2.37، respectively. This result shows that rural people’s jobs had affected their knowledge and awareness about drought.
• There is a negative meaningful relationship between rural household’s education and crisis management knowledge and awareness for drought. It means that with increasing the level of rural education، their awareness and knowledge about drought management is reduced.
• There isno meaningful relationship between gender and rural knowledge and awareness about drought management.
ConclusionNatural disasters are the main challenge in rural areas and theircontrol is a great purpose of sustainable development. Due to this، rural areas of our country do not have a comprehensive crisis management structure and every year a large number of residents in rural areas suffer from human and financial damages and losses of environmental disasters. As mentioned، awareness and knowledge promotion areimportant factors for coping with natural events damages in rural areas based on community based approaches of rural development. Result of the study shows that drought management awareness and knowledge among rural communities are notin a good and appropriate condition and is less than moderate level (lessthan 3). The result of research indicate the need to improve the awareness and knowledge of villagers and local population as a main stakeholders and actors of the community based approach to crisis management and development. The objective of crisis management knowledge is effortto identify and increase the level of rural awareness about different stages ofcrisis management and the activities thatlocal people should be aware of that، learn from it and act، accordingly. Today، with the emphasis on crisis management views such as social attitudes، many functions have been proposed for crisis managers.Inthe scope of macro space، management has been transferred to local communities whichincreases the need to improve the knowledge and awareness of local communities.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"جدول ١٢ نتایج آزمون واریانس یک طرفه برای مؤلفه های دانش مدیریت بحران خشکسالی ابعاد مؤافه ها مجموع مجذورات درجه آزادی میانگین مجذورات F سطح معناداری شناخت مخاطه و درون گروهی 3,573 12 0,298 2,539 0,007 راثات برون گروهی 47,780 247 0,193 ر جمع 51,353 259 پش بن و هشدار درون گروهی 2,996 12 0,250 2,528 0,003 پیش بینی یییمخاطه برون گروهی 69,753 247 0,90 ر جمع 72,749 259 درون گروهی 0,544 12 0,445 2,579 0,002 اقدامات پیشگیرانه برون گروهی 35,990 247 0,146 جمع 36,534 259 تأمین منابع درون گروهی 3,133 12 0,261 3,200 0,000 واکنش و برون گروهی 20,151 247 0,82 آمادگ رویارویی جمع 23,284 259 ی منابع درآمدی درون گروهی 4,250 12 0,354 2,795 0,001 جایگزین برون گروهی 31,295 247 0,127 جمع 35,545 259 درون گروهی 1,037 12 0,086 0,966 0,482 بازسازی خسارات برون گروهی 22,112 247 0,090 بازسازی جمع 23,149 259 درون گروهی 2,455 12 0,364 2,796 0,001 مدیریت مصرف برون گروهی 39,729 247 0,126 جمع 42,185 259 حایت های درون گروهی 2,887 12 0,241 1,507 0,122 منهادی برون گروهی 39,423 247 0,160 نهادی - جمع 42,310 259 مدیریتی علکد مدیان درون گروهی 12,605 12 1,050 4,130 0,000 مر رمحل برون گروهی 62,828 247 0,254 ی جمع 75,434 259 یافته های پژوهش ، ١٣٩٥ با توجه به مشخص شدن وجود تفاوت بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه به لحـاظ برخـورداری از هـر یـک از شاخص های مورد مطالعه ، در ادامه تلاش گردید تا با استفاده از روش اولویت بندی کوپراس ،١ به عنـوان یکـی از روش های تصمیم گیری چند معیاره ، به اولویت بندی روسـتاها بـه لحـاظ سـطح دانـش مـدیریت بحـران خشکسالی در بین نمونه ها پرداخته شود."