چکیده:
The previous article - Introduction to Islamic Sciences, Part I – presented some of the most important Islamic sciences that have long been studied in Islamic seminaries, namely theology (kalam), philosophy, mysticism (irfan), and jurisprudence. This article touches upon two subjects: Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) and Usul of Fiqh (Principles of Fiqh). Fiqh – the profound understanding of religious rulings - is the most comprehensive subject in Islamic sciences. Among the five schools of thought, namely, Ja’fari, Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafi’i, and Maliki, this article delves into Shi‘a Ja’fari fiqh, offering a glance into its history, key subjects, and sources. Its major subjects comprise of acts of worship, contracts, occasions, and rulings, while its sources include the Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus, and reason. Connected with fiqh is the study of Usul of Fiqh (Principles of Fiqh), or the study of rules used in deducing Islamic laws. This will be studied with a brief look into its history and key issues.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"15 The history of fiqh after the occultation of the Twelfth Imam (a) until the time of Sheikh Ófsd can be considered a period of Shi‘a fiqh that had two distinctive features: a) categorization of hadiths, and b) development and promotion of ijtih d.
In Shi‘a fiqh, consensus is not accepted as an independent source for religious rulings, yet it is acceptable once it is the means for understanding the Infallibles’ speech; it serves as a proof that either the Prophet (s) or Imams (a) have had the same opinion as of the scholars’ who have reached consensus over one issue.
42 Sayyid Murtada: Since the beginning of the Major Occultation, the first scholar who wrote books in ujfl and whose works were discussed for centuries after him was Sayyid Murtal ‘Allam al-Hud (d.
Although Ibn Idrds did not compose a work on ujfl, he used the Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus, and reason to eloquently discuss issues in fiqh and ujfl in his book Sar ’ir.
46 In the seventh century, ujfl was reinvigorated through the scientific quality in the works of Najm al-Ddn Ja‘far ibn Hasan Hilld,47 the great Shi‘a scholar known as Mukaqqiq Hilld.
71 66 Principle of exemption 67 Principle of precaution 68 Principle of option 69 Principle of continuance 70 As it was mentioned in the Twelvers Shi‘a definition of Ujfl, this discipline helps faqdh drawing up the rules for specific cases from the four major sources of fiqh."