چکیده:
Todd Lawson – a contemporary orientalist – tries in his Hermeneutics of pre-modern Islamic and Shi'ite exegesis to describe and evaluate the types and evolutions of the Twelver Shī‘a exegesis hermeneutics. According to this article, the Twelver Shī‘a exegesis has comprised of four types from its beginning to the contemporary era, including authority-oriented, compromise, mystic-inward (hermeneutic deafness), and philosophical/authority-oriented. The hermeneutic change of the Shī‘a in the interpretation of the Qur’ān from Imām to the exegete and its combination with the mystic and philosophical approaches are the qualities of the second, third, and fourth eras. The evolutions made in the four eras of Shī‘a hermeneutics have been influenced by the cultural-political conditions of the Shī‘a community, the rise of Shī‘a scientific elites, and the effects of Mu‘tazila, mystic, and Sunnī esotericist approaches on the Twelver scholars. In this regard, the role of Shī‘a governments such as Buyid and Safavid dynasties and the rise of scholars such as Sayyid Murtaḍā, Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī, and Mullā Ṣadrā have had outstanding effects on the formation of new hermeneutic types. This article presents Lawson‘s viewpoints and demonstrates their shortcomings.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Orientalists and the Evolution of Shī‘a Exegesis Hermeneutic: A Case Study of Todd Lawson Alī Rād Associate Professor, Department of Qur’ānic and Ḥadīth Sciences, College of Farabi, University of Tehran,Qom, Iran (Recived: June 10, 2019; Revised: December 3, 2019; Accepted: December 9, 2019) Abstract Todd Lawson – a contemporary orientalist – tries in his Hermeneutics of pre-modern Islamic and Shi'ite exegesis to describe and evaluate the types and evolutions of the Twelver Shī‘a exegesis hermeneutics.
One of the key concepts in the articles of both Lawson and Gleave is addressing the theoretical and historical discussions of the Shī‘a narration hermeneutics; issues such as different types and eras of hermeneutics are among the most important discussions in this regard.
Although Lawson’s dating of the authority-oriented hermeneutics era is true, the general reference he uses to specify the fitna origin and its cultural and political backgrounds is not sufficient, because the Shī‘a saw their scientific existence and social identity in following Imāms, and it was the requirement of their deep-rooted doctrinal foundations in the Qur’ān and Prophetic sunna to believe in such a position for Imāms in the scientific and spiritual guidance of them.
Compromise hermeneutics From the fourth to the seventh century AH, there appeared a kind of compromise between Twelver Shī‘a and Sunnī scholars, following which the pivotal role of Imām in the interpretation of the Qur’ān as the foundation of authority-oriented hermeneutics was changed.