چکیده:
واقع گرایی سیاسی که در مکاتب مختلف فکری نقش قابل توجهی دارد، در علم سیاست به عنوان سیاست قدرت شناخته می شود. واقع گرایان سیاسی که با مورگنتاو آغاز و با کنت والتز به بلوغ کاملی رسید، سیاست را علم کسب، حفظ و افزایش قدرت می دانند و در راستای تحقق مطلوب از ابزارهای متعددی بهره می گیرند. مفاهیم مقوم رئالیسم والتزی عبارتند از ذات پلید انسان، سیاست افزایش قدرت، اجتناب ناپذیر بودن جنگ و ساختار سلسله مراتبی نظام بین الملل. هریک از این مفاهیم رویکردهای هستی شناختی رئالیست ها را به تحولات نظام بین الملل جهت می دهند. با مطالعه و بررسی مفاهیم سیاسی شاهنامه فردوسی، به اشتراک نظری در مفاهیم به کار رفته در رئالیسم و شاهنامه پی می بریم. نگارنده در پژوهش پیش رو با پذیرش چارچوب ذهنی واقع گرایی والتزی و شناسایی مبانی نظری آن، به مطالعه اندیشه سیاسی حکیم توس می پردازد. بر این اساس سؤال اصلی پژوهش عبارت است از اینکه نظریه واقع گرایی والتز تا چه اندازه با اندیشه سیاسی حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی قابل انطباق است؟ با توجه به سؤال اصلی پژوهش، این فرضیه مطرح می شود که با توجه به حوادث دوران حیات و نابسامانی اوضاع سیاسی عصر فردوسی، حکیم توس با استفاده از حکایات و افسانه های پیشینیان به بیان دیدگاه نظری سیاسی خود در خصوص ضرورت افزایش قدرت و تأمین امنیت ایران مطابق بامفروضه های اصلی واقع گرایی سیاسی والتز اعتقاد داشته است.
1. Introduction Realism is one of the most important and one of the oldest theories in political sciences and international relations. Attraction, objectivism, and on the other hand, closeness to conventional understanding in the analysis of political phenomena is the factor that has promoted and sustained this theory. The theoretical dominance of realism is such that intellectuals of international relations consider realism as the mainstream theory. (Griffiths, 1992:3). Waltz's theory of realism is based on four basic hypotheses: 1) Pessimism about human nature. 2) War is the final solution for settling the problems. 3) The security of the government and its survival is the most important goal. 4) The only way that is put forward for the governments is to increase power. (Jackson & Sorensen, 2015:chp3). Accordingly, realists emphasize the constraints of agents' corruption and the lack of supreme authority of the international system, which requires increased power and security. In Persian historical and literary texts, Ferdowsi can be considered as the closest intellectual to Waltz's realist approach. Shahnameh is an epic work in which the concepts of war, power and security are the most important words used. In addition the independence movements in the third and fourth centuries AH, that coincided with the rise of Feudalism and chaos caused by weak power structure of the Iranian monarchy, influenced the importance of realism in Ferdowsi's political thoughts. The main question of the research is to what extent is Waltz's theory of political realism compatible with Ferdowsi's political thought? With regard to the main question of the research, it is hypothesized that considering the events and political disorders in Ferdowsi’s era, Hakim Toos has expressed his political-theoretical views on the need to increase power and ensure security in Iran, through using the anecdotes and legends of his predecessors, which is compatible with the main political realistic Hypotheses of Waltz. 2. Methodology This article uses the "Content Analysis" method; Because this method is useful for orderly, objective and quantitative description of communication content. Sampling of sources is purposeful and is done with a theoretical framework that is based on key words such as government, power, hierarchical structure, rationality and war in Kent Waltz’s theoretical realism framework. 3. Discussion In the turbulent internal conditions and the cultural and identity collapse of Iran in the Ferdowsi era, he was able to offer an appropriate answer and a favorable plan for the future of Iranian identity by epic and paying attention to the main elements of the political reality. By dealing with epics and wise advices, he gathered the behavior of the heroes and even their defeats and victories into a system of political thought. In addition, the concepts that can be extracted from the myths mentioned in Shahnameh are to build a desirable society in order to unite the Iranian government and prevent the collapse of this historical-cultural-political system. Iranian mythology represents the mental structures left over from ancient Iran and Ferdowsi's attempts to elevate the value of these structures in his time to create a powerful and free-standing Iran in the framework of a political school that the authors consider close to political realism in international relations theories. The authors believe that Shahnameh is a strong theoretical structure that, in the shade of stories and philosophies, expresses Ferdowsi's desirable political system in order to portray a powerful and famous Iran for future generations. 4. Conclusion Although Waltz's realism can be identified in many schools, the central concepts in his political thought are key concepts such as human nature, power, war, the structure of the international system, and rationality. Although some approaches place more emphasis on each of these concepts and theoretically explain political events from that perspective, they all owe much to his philosophical view of the nature of human existence and nature. Regarding Ferdowsi's political thought, due to the geographical conditions, the unfavorable situation of national and religious culture, the rule of Feudalism and the growing weakening of Iranian power and identity under the rule of Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi, Ferdowsi's greatest concern about the political future was a single entity called Iran. Accordingly, in long fictional systems and mythical and historical metaphors, he expresses his political thought, which is closest in meaning to the philosophical approach of political realism. lism.
خلاصه ماشینی:
براين اساس ، سؤال اصلي پژوهش عبارت است از اين که نظريۀ واقع گرايي والتز تا چه اندازه با انديشۀ سياسي فردوسي قابل انطباق است ؟ با توجه به سؤال اصلي پژوهش ، اين فرضيه مطرح ميشود که با توجه به حوادث دوران حيات و نابساماني اوضاع سياسي عصر فردوسي، حکيم توس با استفاده از حکايات و افسانه هاي پيشينيان به بيان ديدگاه نظري سياسي خود در خصوص ضرورت افزايش قدرت و تأمين امنيت ايران مطابق با فرضيه هاي اصلي واقع گرايي سياسي والتز اعتقاد داشته است .
سؤال اصلي پژوهش عبارت است از اين که نظريۀ واقع گرايي سياسي والتز تا چه اندازه با انديشۀ سياسي فردوسي قابل انطباق است ؟ با توجه به سؤال اصلي پژوهش ، اين فرضيه مطرح ميشود که با توجه به حوادث دوران حيات و نابساماني اوضاع سياسي عصر فردوسي، حکيم توس با استفاده از حکايات و افسانه هاي پيشينيان به بيان ديدگاه نظري سياسي خود درخصوص ضرورت افزايش قدرت و تأمين امنيت ايران مطابق با فرضيه هاي اصلي واقع گرايي سياسي والتز اعتقاد داشته است .
در رشتۀ سياست و روابط بين الملل ، واقع گرايي سياسي يک سنت تحليلي است که بر الزاماتي که دولت ها براي تعقيب سياست قدرت در حوزٔە منفعت ملي فراروي خود دارند، تأکيد ميکند (برچيل و همکاران ،١٣٩١: ٤٩).
» (موسوي، ١٣٨٧: ١٧ و محمودي، ١٣٩٣: ١٧٣).
٣. نتيجه گيري باوجوداينکه ميتوان واقع گرايي والتز را در نحله هاي متعدد شناسايي کرد، اما مفهوم محوري در انديشۀ سياسي او، مفاهيم کليدي نظير ذات انسان ، قدرت ، جنگ ، ساختار نظام بين الملل و عقلانيت است .