چکیده:
ارزیابی سیاست های کلان در زمینه مسکن همواره علاوه بر تاثیرات اقتصادی ، از لحاظ اجتماعی فرهنگی از چالش های مهم هر جامعه ای می باشد. سیاست های تامین مسکن امروز ایران به عنوان بعدی از سیاست های کلان برنامه های توسعه، می تواند تحت تأثیر جهت گیری ها و رویکردهای دولت ها قرار گیرد. از این رو، ارائه و اجرای بسیاری از پیشنهادهای سیاست های مسکن در طی دهه های گذشته ناتوانی نظام برنامه ریزی مسکن در تأمین مسکن را نشان می دهد که این امر ناشی از فقدان نظام جامع مدیریت مسکن در عرصه های نظری، تجربی و اجرایی می باشد. این پژوهش به دنبال این خواهد بود که در ایران دولت ها چه جهت گیری نسبت به سیاست تامین مسکن و علی الخصوص کیفیت ساخت آن داشته اند. پرسش این پژوهش بر این پایه استوار است که سیاست های دولت در بخش مسکن در دوره های مختلف چه تغییراتی را در کیفیت معماری مسکونی داشته است. برای پاسخ به این پرسش به بیان مقوله سیاست های توسعه مسکن در ایران پرداخته و در ادامه با توجه به متغییر وابسته به طراحی یک پرسشنامه از صاحب نظران امر و همچنین به نمونه های موفق این مقوله اشاره و سپس با توجه به نتایج حاصله از آن ، به تحلیل نمونه موردی 5 شهرک های مسکونی واقع در منطقه2۲ (که با دخالت مستقیم دولت ساخته شده) با استفاده از داده های کیفی مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد.
Introduction
Housing is one of the most essential human needs and, in a way, one of the basic human rights. After food and clothing, housing is the third basic need of man, which is very important for the preservation and survival of individuals and societies (Sattarzadeh,2009). The ways to provide proper houses are different depending on the conditions of the housing market, macroeconomic conditions, demographic changes, the public need for housing, the whole approach of governments and their internal capacity. In the 20-year vision document and according to the general policies, the provision of appropriate and adequate houses for the low-income groups, the reduction of unchecked settlements and the renovation and improvement of urban residences will be carried out. Also, in the policies governing economic and social development programs, which form the fourth level of general policies and include five programs in the period of this research, separate attention is paid to the subject of housing and policies as well as effective and operational strategies for their realization. The purpose of this study is to evaluate housing policies and the role of government decisions and interventions in the quality of housing and the different political changes that have had a significant impact on all the contextual variables involved in the formation of contemporary Iranian architecture.
Methodology
The hypothesis of the study is based on the fact that the housing and housing policies in the country are based on the past concepts of Iranian architecture, and, in terms of quality and sense of place, they are responsive to residents and select successful housing from the perspective of experts.
The research method of this research is based on the theory of relationship between architecture and politics as well as the studied models. In this method, the analyses are based on three aspects: selecting works from the perspective of experts, critical analysis of the available works and recognizing commonalities and approaches. In the process of selecting works, first, the views of contemporary experts in the field are collected on high-quality housing, successful and sustainable housing in terms of intellectual orientation, types of identity and the crises over time. Scientific solutions and views for future constructions are also studied by examining some examples of high-quality housing after the revolution. According to experts, they are among the highest-quality housing instances with international awards. According to a scale-based questionnaire about three residential settlements built in District 22, those instances are comparatively examined. The buildings in District 22 with residential usage are selected for two reasons. First, housing is one of the most important and influential design features in the shape and appearance of the city. Second, housing is a field of design that a wide range of architects experience during their career. In the meantime, the geographical area of District 22 of Tehran is one of the most important areas with the largest residential area in Tehran. Politics plays a significant and effective role in how to locate and shape architectural forms. This research has been done to study the quality of housing architecture in Shahid Baqeri town, Sahel, and Omid Dejban in that district since 2000. The experiments are performed with the data obtained from various tools such as questionnaires, diagnostic interviews and objective observation. Then, the studied examples are analyzed by theorists, specialists and contemporary architects. They are discussed with references to the literature on the subject. One of the requirements for selecting the samples is the existence of data on the criteria of housing quality and environmental improvement.
Conclusion
The results of this study show that the successful and sustainable case studies mentioned in this paper have all been designed and supervised by the private sector, and the government has not intervened in this matter. On the other hand, considering the indicators derived from successful case studies and their adaptation to urban housing in which the government has played a key role, it can be seen that state-owned housing has not had any of those features of success in construction.
خلاصه ماشینی:
برای پاسخ به این پرسش به بیان مقوله سیاست های توسعه مسکن در ایران پرداخته و در ادامه با توجه به متغییر وابسته به طراحی یک پرسشنامه از صاحب نظران امر و همچنین به نمونه های موفق این مقوله اشاره و سپس با توجه به نتایج حاصله از آن ، به تحلیل نمونه موردی ٣ شهرک های مسکونی واقع در منطقه ٢٢ (که با دخالت مستقیم دولت ساخته شده ) با استفاده از داده های کیفی مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد.
در مسیر انتخاب آثار در ابتدا دیدگاه صاحب نظران معاصر این حوزه در مورد "مسکن با کیفیت ، موفق و مانا" را از نظر گرایش فکری، نوع هویت و بحران آن در ظرف زمان و همچنین راهکار علمی و نگاه آینده به صنعت ساختمان کشور مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد که در این راستا با بررسی نمونه های موردی مسکن با کیفیت ساخته شده در بعد از انقلاب که از نگاه صاحب نظران از با کیفیت ترین های مسکن میباشد و دارای جوایز بین اللملی میباشد، انتخاب تحلیل و بررسی می شوند و در انتها با توجه به یک پرسش نامه بر اساس متر و مقیاس انتخابی با ٣ شهرک مسکونی ساخته شده در منتطقه ٢٢ مورد تطبیق و بررسی قرار میگیرد.