چکیده:
از گفتمانهای غالب در قرن جاری، گفتمان حقوق بشر و حقوق محیطزیست است؛ مسئولیت اصلی رعایت و تضمین حقوق بشر و حقوق محیطزیست با دولتها بوده است. این درحالی است که نقش شرکتهای فراملی در خسارت به حقوق بشر و حقوق محیطزیست گاه بیش از دولتهاست. بههمیندلیل، امروزه با عبور از مفهوم «احترام به حقوق بشر» به «تضمین حقوق بشر» ازسوی شرکتهای فراملی توجه شده است. در این نگرش این انتظار وجود دارد که شرکتهای فراملی که در دولت میزبان از آب، هوا، زمین و منابع آن استفاده میکنند، اقداماتی در توسعه اجتماعی آن دولت انجام دهند. الزامات شرکتهای فراملی در توسعه اجتماعی دولت میزبان (اعم از حقوق بشر و حقوق محیطزیست و حق توسعه) را «مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت فراملی» مینامند. این مسئولیت در پرتوی اصولی چون حق بر توسعه، تعهد به انتقال تکنولوژی، شرط رفتار منصفانه و شرط توسعه در سرمایهگذاری خارجی تقویت میگردد و در اسناد ملی و بینالمللی قوام نیافته متبلور میشود. درمقابل، چالشهایی مانند موانع حقوقی دولت متبوع و دولت میزبانِ شرکتهای فراملی، نظریه هزینه ـ فایده، پرداخت مالیات، اتحاد مسئول ـ سهامدار در پیش روی تحقق مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتهای فراملی وجود خواهد داشت. برای ارزیابی جایگاه این رویکرد در جامعه بینالمللی لازم است که عملکرد برخی شرکتهای فراملی دراینباره نیز مرور شود.
The mainstream discourses in the current century have been human rights and environmental rights. The primary responsibility for the respect and ensuring of human and environmental rights belongs to governments. Meanwhile, the role of transnational corporations in violating human rights and environmental rights is often more than governments. For this reason, today, with passing the "respect to human rights" era, it is necessary for transnational corporations to ensure human rights. In fact, transnational corporations which enjoy of community, water, air, land and other resources of the host State should take some actions for social development of the host society. The responsibility of transnational corporations in the social development of the host government is known as "Transnational Corporation Society Responsibility - TCSR". This responsibility, which includes the commitment to ensure human rights, is rooted in principles such as right to development, obligation to technology transfer, fair treatment principle and development condition in foreign investments. The social responsibility of transnational corporations is also shaped by some national law regims and international law. Conversely, challenges also threaten the social responsibility of transnational corporations such as legal problems in host and parent State of TNCs, expences and benefit formula, taxs for social development and responsible-decision maker unity. By examining the performance of some transnational corporations in realizing their social responsibility, we can see the current status of this concept in the international arena.
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