چکیده:
اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن از ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﮑﻨﺶﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دوره ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ را ﺑﺮای ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﭘﺨﺶ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ اﯾﺪهﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد. در ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه اﯾﺮان، ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ ﺷﺮوع اﻫﻠﯽﺳﺎزی و ﯾﮑﺠﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ در دوره ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﮑﻨﺶ و ﺗﺒﺎدﻻت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ رخ داده ﮐﻪ در ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از دﺳﺖﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎی وﯾﮋه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺑﺴﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن اﻏﻠﺐ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ دوردﺳﺖ در اﯾﻦ دوره را ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از اﺑﺴﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار دادهاﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻃﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎی ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺗﺒﺎدﻻﺗﯽ، ﻣﻮاد و ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻌﺪدی در ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن اﺷﯿﺎء ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺻﺪفﻫﺎی درﯾﺎﯾﯽ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه وﯾﮋهای در دوره ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ دارﻧﺪ. ﻃﯽ ﮐﺎوش اﺧﯿﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﺗﭙﻪ ﻋﻠﯽﮐﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ از ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﺪﻓﯽ و ﺳﻨﮕﯽ در ﮐﻨﺎر ﺗﺪﻓﯿﻦﻫﺎی اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ دوم ﻫﺰاره ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ق.م. ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی رﯾﺰ »دﯾﺴﮑﯽﺷﮑﻞ« اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻗﺒﻠﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎ را ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻧﻤﻮده ﺑﻮد؛ اﻣﺎ در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮐﺎوش اﺧﯿﺮ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺻﺪف درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ »ﭼﺮوک ﺧﺎردار« ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ Spondylus ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺎﻻی آﻣﺎده از ﮐﺮاﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺧﻠﯿﺞﻓﺎرس ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﯽﮐﺶ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻻﯾﻪﻧﮕﺎری و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎی اﯾﺰوﺗﻮپ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺗﺤﺮک ﺑﺎﻻی ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ دارﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع زﻣﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎز اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻨﮑﺶ و ﺗﺒﺎدﻻت ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. از اﯾﻨﺮو، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎ ﻃﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺎدﻻﺗﯽ و ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻨﮑﺶ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ در دﺷﺘﻬﺎی ﭘﺴﺖ ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ از ﻣﺒﺪا )ﺧﻠﯿﺞﻓﺎرس( ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻋﻠﯽﮐﺶ( ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎی ﺻﺪﻓﯽ دوره ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﯽﺳﻔﺎل در ﺗﭙﻪ ﻋﻠﯽﮐﺶ، در
دﺷﺖ دﻫﻠﺮان اﺳﺖ.
During Neolithic time, increasing knowledge and various interactions paved the ground for the new experiments and products as well as spread of commodities and different ideas. Across the Near East, Neolithic archaeology has mostly focused on the beginning of domestication and sedentary life. Intensive interaction and exchange between societies, however, is amongst outcomes of Neolithization process that resulted in diffusion of some materials such as obsidian. To date, most of the researchers have taken the issue of long-distance contact in the light of geographical diffusion of obsidian, while various materials and commodities were exchanged via wide networks. In this regard, objects made of seashells are of particular importance. As a result of recent excavation at Ali Kosh, a great number of different beads of shell and stone was found...along with seated burials dated to the second half of the 8th millennium BC. Tiny disc-shaped samples constitute the most common beads in the assemblage. They were previously known as stone beads. However, our recent examination shows that they are mostly made of a kind of bivalve sea shell known as Spondylus sp. It seems that such beads were produced on the Pesian Gulf shores, as the closest habitat of the shell, and then were transported or exchanged as finished goods. As evidenced by the recent stratigraphy and human isotopic analysis inhabitants of Ali Kosh had a high level of mobility. This highlights the role of interaction and exchange networks through which beads were diffused across lowlands of southwestern Iran. Accordingly, the site yielded remains of 18 levels indicating subsequent short-term occupations. Furthermore, as by the isotopic analysis, some of the buried individuals seem to have emigrated from shorelines to the site. This highlights the role of interaction and exchange networks through which beads were diffused across lowlands of southwestern Iran. Prevalence of shell beads at Ali Kosh reminds us that obsidian was not the only main exchanged material in the early Neolithic. The main focus of the present article is investigation of production and origin of oyster beads from the pre-pottery Neolithic levels at Ali Kosh, Deh Luran Plain