چکیده:
رساله قواعد راهنمای ذهن مربوط به آثار دوره جوانی دکارت است که تا قاعده 8 برخی مبانی نظریه حقیقت و خطا را مطرح نموده، نظیر ابتناء حقیقت بر شهودِ واضح و متمایز و استنتاح قیاسی که اقتباسی از نظریه هندسی تحلیلی وی است. اما در قاعده 12 به نحو مبسوط به چگونگی ارتکاب خطا در مجموعه قوای آدمی پرداخته است. از آنجا که بحث خطا در کتاب اصول فلسفه و رساله گفتار در روش راه بردن عقل و اعتراضات و تأملات نیز مورد توجّه این فیلسوف قرار گرفته، تلاش گردید در این مقاله نگاهی جامع به نظریه دکارت در باب خطا و حقیقت، البته با تمرکز بیشتر بر قاعده 12 رساله قواعد راهنمای ذهن ، صورت پذیرد و مورد نقادی قرار گیرد.
In the twelfth rule of the Treatise on the Rules of the Mind, Descartes argues that he has arranged the state of "cognition" in his thinking until the beginning of this rule. According to Descartes, two things play an essential role in cognition; Understanding and understanding will. In his view, man is limited and does not dominate all truths due to his imperfections and limitations; But the will of man, like the will of God, is infinite, and the reason for the infinity of the will is its simplicity; But the question is, why did Descartes limit man's understanding and his will unlimited? Descartes, on the other hand, is based on the principle that error can only occur in affirmations. However, in affirmations, the two honors must be separated. (1) affirmation as a mental existence that is independent of the mind; (2) Adaptation to foreign objects. From the point of view of primacy, there is no error in acknowledgment, and only in conformity with the outside does error occur. For Descartes, error is the interference of the will in matters about which comprehension does not have sufficient knowledge, that is, clearly and distinctly. If understanding is finite because of the simplicity of the will, simplicity is also important in science. So why is the will infinite because of simplicity, but science, which is also simple, is considered finite? Descartes says in reflection: "The most important and common error that may occur in affirmations is to judge my mental concepts with objects. Foreign is similar or consistent; According to Descartes, man does not need special powers to commit error, but error originates from the imperfection and limitation of human comprehension, and occurs when the limitation of comprehension is accompanied by will. According to Descartes, two things play a fundamental role in cognition: understanding and will. In his view, human understanding is limited and does not dominate all truths due to its shortcomings and limitations. Otherwise, he would not have made a mistake, like God, who has dominion over everything. On the contrary, the will of man, like the will of God, is infinite, and the cause of the infinity of the will is its simplicity. Error results from mixing infinite will with finite understanding; That is, if we stay within the framework of understanding, we will never make a mistake, but as soon as we step out of the circle of understanding, we may make a mistake; Because the source of error is the abuse of will. On the other hand, what does the abuse of the will mean, as well as the exercise of the unjust will? The objections raised by Mersene in the second category of objections, or the three objections raised by Gassandi about the will and its relation to the error in the fifth category of objections, are objections to Descartes' theory of cognition. For example, the objections raised about the dimension of instincts and about the fact that error also includes conceptions place Descartes entirely within