چکیده:
شاخص رقابتپذیری هرساله توسط مجمع جهانی اقتصاد برای تعداد قابلتوجهی از کشورها اندازهگیری و انتشار مییابد. در همین راستا، هدف اصلی این مطالعه «سنجش و ارزیابی جایگاه کشورهای شبهقاره هند از منظر شاخصهای رقابتپذیری در مقایسه با کشور ایران»، در دوره زمانی 2016 تا 2018 میباشد. نوع تحقیق کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها از تکنیکهای آنتروپی شانون، ویکور، آمار خودهمبستگی فضایی موران جهانی و از نرمافزار Arc Gis استفاده شده است. نتایج این پژوهش از نظر بررسی شاخص-های رقابتپذیری جهانی طی بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه نشان داد کشور هند در جایگاه نخست و کشور بوتان در آخرین جایگاه قرارگرفته است. کشور ایران به ترتیب با کسب میزان ضرایب ویکور 305/0، 336/0 و 327/0 جایگاه دوم را به خود اختصاص داده است. همچنین نتایج مدل ضریب تغییرات (c.v) حاکی از آن بود که میزان نابرابری کشورها در برخورداری از شاخص-های مورد مطالعه طی سه سال آهنگ سیر نزولی داشته است. سوال اصلی تحقیق این است که کشور ایران از لحاظ شاخصهای جهانی رقابتپذیری نسبت به کشورهای شبهقاره در چه وضعیتی قرار دارد؟
Extended Abstract The Competitiveness Index is measured and published annually by the World Economic Forum for a significant number of countries. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to "measure and assess the position of Indian subcontinent countries in terms of competitiveness indicators compared to Iran", in the period 2016 to 2018. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Sharon's entropy techniques, Vikor, Moran's global spatial self-correlation statistics, and the Arc Gis software were used to analyze the data. The results of this study in terms of the study of global competitiveness indicators during the period under study showed that India is in the first place and Bhutan is in the last place. Iran, with a score of 0.305, 0.336 and 0.327, has the second place, respectively. Also, the results of the change coefficient model (c.v) showed that the level of inequality of countries in having the studied indicators has been declining over the past three years. The main question of the research is what is the situation of Iran in terms of global competitiveness indicators compared to quasi-continental countries? Keywords: Competitiveness, Global Competitiveness Index, Vikor Model, Quaternary Countries, Iran. Introduction Competitiveness refers to the ability of an economic entity to perform better than its counterparts in relation to a common goal, and is a key criterion for assessing the success of countries, industries, and enterprises in competitive political, economic, and commercial fields; That any country, industry or enterprise that has high competitiveness in competitive markets has a higher competitiveness. The Global Competitiveness Index is one of the economic indicators that indicates the status of institutions, policies, processes and Factors affecting a country's productivity level and each year by the World Economic Forum For a significant number of countries, it is measured and published. The report of the Global Competitiveness Index for Quasi-Range Countries from 2012 to 2018 shows that these countries are in a bad position in the ranking of countries (except India, which has a good situation) They have global competitiveness indicators, so that these countries are ranked above 100 among the 144 countries studied in the world in most periods. In the case of Iran, the Global Competitiveness Index for Iran's Economy has been calculated and published since 2010 by the World Economic Forum in cooperation with the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture. And since 2010, Iran has been ranked in this forum. In 2010, Iran's ranking among 139 countries was 69, which in 2011 improved to 62 among 142 countries, but in 2012, Iran's ranking among 144 countries decreased to 66. According to the latest report of the World Economic Forum, in 2018-2017, Iran's ranking in the Global Competitiveness Index increased by 7 degrees compared to the 2017-2016 report from 76 to 69. In the present study, after expressing the concept of competitiveness, by determining the recognized international indicators, the position of quasi-continental countries in comparison with Iran between 2016 and 2018 is evaluated. In the following, by examining the strengths and weaknesses of competitiveness of quasi-continental countries and Iran and reviewing the macro variables affecting it, solutions for the growth of competitiveness of these countries are stated. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer these questions. 1. What is the position of Iran in terms of competitiveness among selected countries? 2- What is the state of inequality between the competitiveness indicators of India and Iran? Research methodology The present research is a descriptive-analytical research method in terms of targeting as a practical study. The geographical area of this study is Iran and the subcontinent of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan (Myanmar was not included in this report) according to the report of 2017-2017 and 2018 of the World Economic Forum. Data collection tools are used to study research indicators in the form of 12 main components. Data related to them were collected from the report (Report on Global Competitiveness Index GCI). To decipher and analyze the information obtained from Shannon's entropy techniques, Vikor's multi-criteria decision making, Shannon's entropy model, Moran's global spatial correlation statistics, and the Arc GIS software were used.Discussion Discussion In the first step of the research, the status of quasi-continental countries and Iran in terms of global competitiveness indicators for 2018 will be evaluated and measured using the Vikor multi-criteria decision-making technique. Therefore, in the first step of this study, to investigate and prioritize countries, the weight of 12 indicators used in this study was measured using Shannon's entropy method, which is given in the form of the mean matrix table. The findings showed that the market size index The sub-indices of the pillar of performance enhancement with weight (0.4039), the infrastructure index of the essentials of weight class requirements (0.1321) and the index of higher education and training of human resources are among the pillars of strengthening the efficiency of weight (0.0979), respectively. It has the highest weight and the market efficiency index with the weight (0.0065) has the lowest weight. Step 2: Normalize the decision matrix: To do this, first bring all the values of the matrix to the power of 2 and add the sum of each column, then the sum of the sums of each column is taken, and finally each of the values on the sum is obtained. Is divided. Step 3: Weighing the normal matrix: To weigh, the values of the normal matrix of each option are multiplied by the weight of the criteria. At this stage, according to the importance coefficient of different criteria in decision making, using Shannon's entropy method. The weight vector is defined. At this stage, the coefficient of importance of each of the twelve criteria is determined. Step 4: Optimal Solution Solution: For each criterion, the best and worst value of that criterion should be identified among all the options. Also, the coefficient of change obtained for the years 2016 to 2018 indicates that 2016 had the highest coefficient of change with coefficient (0.7999977) and 2018 with coefficient (0.648) has the lowest coefficient of change in competitiveness indicators. it shows. The results of data analysis and analysis with the Moran Space Solidarity Index in 2017 show that the Moran index value is 0.356, the predictive index is -0.0666, the variance is 0.0344, the Zscore value is 0.6342 and the value P-value is less than 0.04. Conclusion The findings showed that during 2016, 2017 and 2018, Iran is among the countries studied after India, which is in the first place and in this regard has a more appropriate situation. In 2018 and 2017, India is in the first place with Vikor coefficient (0.134) and Bhutan is in the last place with the highest Vikor coefficient (0.632), which has an unfavorable situation in terms of competitiveness indicators. The region. In 2016, India came in first and Bhutan in last place. Also, the coefficient of change obtained for the years 2016 to 2018 indicates that 2016 had the highest coefficient of change with coefficient (0.7999977) and 2018 with coefficient (0.648) has the lowest coefficient of change in competitiveness indicators. Shows. The results of the spatial distribution pattern of competitiveness indicators during the years 2016 to 2018 using the global spatial self-correlation technique showed that in all three periods the cluster pattern is complete and intense and India and Iran have a unipolar pattern. Are. The rate of this coefficient and its trend has decreased from 2016 to 2018. As a result, it can be said that Iran is in a better position than this group, and in terms of global indicators, competitiveness is more favorable than quasi-continental countries. Weaknesses are most noticeable in the sixth component or market efficiency, the seventh component or labor market efficiency, the eighth component or the development of the financial market, the ninth component or technological readiness. Given the weaknesses, the country's strength is in the tenth component or market size. The results obtained from the Vikor technique in this study also confirm this conclusion and indicate that Iran has access to domestic and foreign markets from the situation. It is a good idea to take advantage of this strength to improve other components as well. References Aghazadeh, H., & Estiri, M., Aslanloo, B. A Study of More Components in Competition with Drugs in Iran, Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, Vol. 6(3), Pp. 37-38, Tehran: autumn 2007. (In Persian) Asgari, M. 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خلاصه ماشینی:
براساس جديدترين گزارش مجمع جهاني اقتصاد، در سال ٢٠١٨- ٢٠١٧، رتبۀ ايـران در شـاخص رقابت پـذيري جهـاني بـا ٧ درجه ارتقا در مقايسه با گزارش ٢٠١٧- ٢٠١٦ از رتبۀ ٧٦ (از ميان ١٣٨ کشور مورد بررسـي) بـه ٦٩ (از ميان ١٣٧ کشور) رسيده است ؛ اما به همان ميزان که کاهش يـا افزايش هـاي مقطعـي نبايـد مورد توجه باشند، بايد جهت گيري کلي و روند عوامل کاهنده يا افزايندة رتبۀ رقابت پذيري کشـور موردتوجه قرار گيرد؛ برهمين اساس ، پژوهش حاضر در پي پاسخگويي به اين سـؤالات اسـت : ١- جايگاه کشور ايران از لحاظ شاخص هاي رقابت پذيري در بين کشورهاي منتخب چگونـه اسـت ؟ ٢- وضعيت نابرابري شاخص هاي رقابت پذيري در بين کشورهاي شـبه قاره هنـد و ايـران چگونـه است ؟ ١-٢- اهداف و ضرورت تحقيق هدف اصلي مقالۀ حاضر، سنجش و ارزيابي جايگاه کشـورهاي شـبه قاره (هنـد، پاکسـتان ، بوتـان ، بنگلادش و نپال ؛ البته کشور ميانمار به دليل قرارنگرفتن در گزارش رقابت پـذيري جهـاني سـازمان جهاني اقتصاد، در اين مقاله مورد بررسي قرار نگرفته است ) در مقايسه با کشور ايران طي سال هاي ٢٠١٦، ٢٠١٧ و ٢٠١٨ از لحاظ شاخص هاي رقابت پذيري جهاني با استفاده از روش تصـميم گيري چندمعيارة ويکور (VIKOR) و تکنيک خودهمبستگي فضايي موران جهاني است .
موقعيت کشورهاي شبه قاره هند و ايران (ترسيم نگارندگان ) ٣- ارزيابي جايگاه کشورهاي شبه قاره و ايران ازلحاظ شاخص هاي رقابـت پـذيري در سـال 2018 در گام نخسـت پـژوهش بـه ارزيـابي و سـنجش جايگـاه کشـورهاي شـبه قاره و ايـران ازلحـاظ شاخص هاي رقابت پذيري جهاني در سال ٢٠١٨ با اسـتفاده از تکنيـک ويکـور پرداختـه ميشـود؛ بنابراين در گام نخست اين پژوهش ، براي بررسي و اولويت بندي کشورها، وزن ١٢ شاخص مورد مطالعه با استفاده از روش آنتروپي شانون اندازه گيري شد که در قالـب جـدول مـاتريس ميـانگين آورده شده است (نمودار ٣).